Table 2.
Adjusted‡ per capita annual dental expenditures (SE) in individuals with and individuals without diabetes and incremental expenditure associated with diabetes in 2017 USD
| With diabetes | Without diabetes | Incremental expenditure§ | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 393.24 (24.12) | 316.36 (9.17) | 76.88 (25.67) | 0.003 |
| Dental service type* | ||||
| Preventive | 80.68 (1.62) | 87.49 (1.32) | –6.81 (2.72) | 0.012 |
| Restorative/prosthetic/surgical | 201.52 (18.76) | 148.21 (3.71) | 53.31 (18.35) | 0.004 |
| Diagnostic/others | 110.37 (14.63) | 79.43 (3.64) | 30.94 (14.31) | 0.031 |
| Payment source | ||||
| Out of pocket | 192.44 (16.25) | 152.87 (6.87) | 39.57 (15.28) | 0.010 |
| Private insurances | 166.56 (14.15) | 136.73 (3.03) | 29.83 (13.87) | 0.032 |
| Public/others† | 32.75 (2.62) | 26.95 (1.32) | 5.80 (2.76) | 0.036 |
Dental service type: preventive, includes cleaning, prophylaxis, polishing, fluoride treatment, and sealant application; restorative/prosthetic/surgical, includes fillings, inlays, crowns, root canal, implants, bridges, dentures, oral surgery, and periodontal surgery; diagnostic, includes consultation, X-rays, radiographs, or bitewings; others, includes unidentified dental services and multiple services in one dental visit.
Payment source: public, includes Medicaid, Medicare, Veterans Administration/Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA), TRICARE, other federal sources (including Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities, and other care by the federal government), and other state and local sources (including community and neighborhood clinics, state and local health departments, and state programs other than Medicaid); others, include workers’ compensation and sources such as automobile, homeowners, and liability insurance and other miscellaneous or unknown sources.
Two-part models were used for all estimations, with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and geographic variables. Interaction terms such as diabetes and age-group were included in the models to control for the interaction effects. Total does not equal the sum of service types or sum of payment sources because of separate regression estimates.
Two-part models predict the dental expenditures for all adults with and without diabetes—not just for adults with dental visits. The incremental expenditure is the difference between the predicted expenditures of adults with diabetes and those of adults without diabetes.