Table 3.
National dental expenditure associated with diabetes among adults in the U.S., 2017 USD (millions)
| Unadjusted excess expenditure‡ | % | Adjusted excess expenditure§ | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1,231.98 | 100 | 1,939.68 | 100 |
| Dental service type* | ||||
| Preventive | –265.67 | –21 | –171.82 | –9 |
| Restorative/prosthetic/surgical | 1,127.02 | 91 | 1,345.01 | 69 |
| Diagnostic/others | 370.38 | 30 | 780.62 | 40 |
| Payment source | ||||
| Out of pocket | 937.55 | 76 | 998.35 | 51 |
| Private insurances | –239.18 | –19 | 752.61 | 39 |
| Public/others† | 533.61 | 43 | 146.33 | 8 |
Dental service type: preventive, includes cleaning, prophylaxis, polishing, fluoride treatment, and sealant application; restorative/prosthetic/surgical, includes fillings, inlays, crowns, root canal, implants, bridges, dentures, oral surgery, and periodontal surgery; diagnostic, includes consultation, X-rays, radiographs, or bitewings; others, includes unidentified dental services and multiple services in one dental visit.
Payment source: public, includes Medicaid, Medicare, Veterans Administration/Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA), TRICARE, other federal sources (including Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities, and other care by the federal government), and other state and local sources (including community and neighborhood clinics, state and local health departments, and state programs other than Medicaid); others, include workers’ compensation and sources such as automobile, homeowners and liability insurance and other miscellaneous or unknown sources.
The unadjusted excess expenditure was calculated by multiplication of the weighted number of estimated people with diabetes (25.23 million) in our data set by the unadjusted per capita annual excess expenditure associated with diabetes (shown in Supplementary Table 1). The number of estimated people with diabetes in our analysis is close to but not exactly the same as the statistics reported in the U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System because the data sources are different.
The adjusted excess expenditure was calculated by multiplication of the weighted number of estimated people with diabetes by the adjusted per capita annual excess expenditure associated with diabetes (adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and geographic variables [shown in Table 2]). Total does not equal the sum of service types or sum of payment sources because of separate regression estimates.