Table 2.
Prevalence and ORs of receipt of ADA guideline-recommended care among U.S. adults with self-reported diabetes (NHANES 2005–2018*) (N = 4,069)
| Prevalence % (SE) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||
| 20–39 | 16.7 (3.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 40–64 | 27.1 (1.7) | 1.84 (1.11–3.06) | 1.72 (1.04–2.84) |
| ≥65 | 34.6 (1.5) | 2.64 (1.66–4.18) | 2.19 (1.31–3.66) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 30.1 (1.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Female | 28.4 (1.4) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 1.00 (0.82–1.20) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 32.9 (1.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 25.9 (1.4) | 0.71 (0.57–0.89) | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) |
| Mexican American | 19.4 (1.6) | 0.49 (0.38–0.64) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) |
| Other | 26.1 (2.7) | 0.72 (0.51–1.01) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) |
| Family income | |||
| Below poverty threshold | 17.4 (1.9) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| ≥1 times poverty threshold | 32.1 (1.4) | 2.25 (1.69–2.99) | 1.67 (1.23–2.27) |
| Missing | 25.2 (4.0) | 1.60 (1.01–2.51) | 1.22 (0.75–2.00) |
| Education | |||
| <High school | 16.0 (1.9) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| High school degree | 26.3 (1.8) | 1.88 (1.38–2.55) | 1.61 (1.16–2.24) |
| >High school degree | 34.0 (1.8) | 2.71 (1.92–3.83) | 2.17 (1.52–3.11) |
| Health insurance | |||
| No insurance | 9.3 (1.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Public insurance | 32.1 (1.4) | 4.64 (3.10–6.92) | 3.23 (2.02–5.14) |
| Private insurance | 30.3 (2.4) | 4.27 (2.76–6.59) | 3.08 (1.96–4.85) |
| BMI categories, kg/m2 | |||
| <25 | 24.7 (2.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 25 to <30 | 27.8 (2.1) | 1.17 (0.82–1.67) | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) |
| ≥30 | 30.9 (1.4) | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | 1.25 (0.91–1.73) |
| Missing | 25.1 (6.0) | 1.02 (0.51–2.03) | 0.93 (0.43–2.00) |
| Current smoker | |||
| Yes | 21.6 (2.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| No | 31.2 (1.2) | 1.65 (1.23–2.21) | 1.35 (0.99–1.84) |
| HbA1c categories | |||
| <7% (<53 mmol/mol) | 29.4 (1.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 7–8% (53–64 mmol/mol) | 35.2 (2.3) | 1.30 (1.01–1.68) | 1.36 (1.06–1.75) |
| 8–9% (64–75 mmol/mol) | 25.7 (3.4) | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | 0.96 (0.66–1.37) |
| >9% (>75 mmol/mol) | 22.0 (2.4) | 0.68 (0.49–0.93) | 0.87 (0.62–1.24) |
| Missing | 32.4 (6.8) | 1.15 (0.63–2.13) | 1.27 (0.67–2.43) |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis | |||
| 0 to <5 years | 22.1 (2.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 5 to <15 years | 29.0 (1.7) | 1.44 (1.11–1.87) | 1.39 (1.06–1.81) |
| ≥15 years | 36.6 (2.0) | 2.04 (1.55–2.68) | 1.92 (1.44–2.58) |
| Diabetes medication | |||
| None | 15.6 (2.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Noninsulin agents only | 29.2 (1.7) | 2.24 (1.59–3.14) | 1.98 (1.40–2.80) |
| Insulin | 37.7 (2.3) | 3.28 (2.31–4.66) | 3.19 (2.22–4.57) |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 24.4 (2.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 30.5 (1.2) | 1.35 (1.08–1.70) | 1.18 (0.93–1.49) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | |||
| No | 19.7 (1.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 34.4 (1.4) | 2.13 (1.73–2.63) | 1.95 (1.57–2.41) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| No | 28.1 (1.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 32.9 (2.1) | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) |
| Chronic kidney disease | |||
| No | 29.6 (1.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 28.7 (1.6) | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) |
| Missing | 29.2 (5.0) | 0.98 (0.61–1.59) | 0.92 (0.55–1.56) |
| Depressive symptoms | |||
| No | 30.2 (1.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 27.0 (2.5) | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) |
| Missing | 24.0 (3.7) | 0.73 (0.47–1.12) | 0.94 (0.62–1.43) |
*
The 2009–2010 survey cycle was not included.
†
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, education, and health insurance.