Table 3.
Factors Associated With Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Directed Violence Among Women With Endometriosis (n = 219,918), Optum Clinformatics DataMart, 2000–2019
| Factor | Anxiety | Depression | Self-Directed Violence | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age group, years | ||||||
| <25 | 1.76 | 1.67, 1.86 | 1.35 | 1.29, 1.41 | 4.23 | 2.87, 6.24 |
| 25–34 | 1.24 | 1.20, 1.28 | 1.14 | 1.11, 1.17 | 1.58 | 1.15, 2.18 |
| ≥35 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Gynecological/Reproductive Health Variables | ||||||
| Categories of pain and infertility | ||||||
| No pain or infertility | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Pain only | 1.20 | 1.15, 1.25 | 1.19 | 1.15, 1.24 | 2.13 | 1.43, 3.17 |
| Infertility only | 0.74 | 0.69, 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 | 0.55 | 0.27, 1.13 |
| Pain and infertility | 0.87 | 0.82, 0.91 | 1.11 | 1.07, 1.16 | 0.89 | 0.53, 1.50 |
| Prior pregnancy | 0.85 | 0.81, 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.86, 0.92 | a | a |
| Uterine fibroids | 0.68 | 0.65, 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.77, 0.83 | a | a |
| Use of GnRH agonists | a | a | 1.15 | 1.10, 1.20 | a | a |
| Use of nonopioid analgesics | a | a | a | a | a | a |
| Use of opioid analgesics | 1.20 | 1.16, 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.19, 1.26 | 2.06 | 1.48, 2.85 |
| Use of combined oral contraceptives | 0.88 | 0.84, 0.92 | 1.05 | 1.01, 1.09 | a | a |
| General Pain-Related Comorbid Conditions | ||||||
| Chronic headaches (including migraine) | 1.28 | 1.23, 1.33 | 1.29 | 1.25, 1.33 | 1.81 | 1.32, 2.49 |
| Chronic low back pain | 1.18 | 1.13, 1.22 | 1.18 | 1.14, 1.22 | a | a |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.23 | 1.15, 1.31 | 1.23 | 1.17, 1.30 | a | a |
| Interstitial cystitis | 1.71 | 1.48, 1.98 | a | a | a | a |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 1.38 | 1.29, 1.48 | 1.32 | 1.24, 1.40 | a | a |
| Immunological Comorbid Conditions | ||||||
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.08 | 1.04, 1.13 | a | a | a | a |
| Allergies | 1.09 | 1.05, 1.13 | a | a | a | a |
| Asthma | 1.18 | 1.12, 1.25 | 1.20 | 1.15, 1.26 | 1.92 | 1.30, 2.86 |
| Other Comorbid Conditions | ||||||
| Fatigue | 1.10 | 1.06, 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.11, 1.18 | a | a |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.85 | 0.81, 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.90, 0.97 | a | a |
| Vitamin D deficiency | a | a | 0.91 | 0.84, 0.99 | a | a |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist; HR, hazard ratio.
a Variable not included in the adjusted model. Models were also adjusted for race/ethnicity and region. Reference category comprises those without the condition, unless otherwise specified.