Table 2.
Rare infectious agents implicated to cause ReA [modified from 11, 24, 25] (see supplement for additional references reporting microbial products in the joint and HLA-B27 positivity)
| Entry site | Microbial agents | Microbial products in the joint | HLA-B 27 positive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urogenital tract | Gardnerella vaginalis | ND | Positive |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | Virus isolated in one patient | Positive in Caucasians | |
| Mycoplasma genitalium/hominis/orale | DNA, coinfections | Single case | |
| Neisseria gonorrhoea* | DNA | No | |
| Ureaplasma urealyticum | DNA, coinfections | No | |
| Gastrointestinal tract | Blastocytosis* | ND | Single case |
| Clostridium difficile | ND | Yes | |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis* | ND | No | |
| Echerichia coli | ND | Some cases | |
| Hafnia alvei | ND | No | |
| Helicobacter pylori | ND | Yes | |
| Microsporidia | Antigens, DNA, culture positive | Single case | |
| Strongyloides stercoralis* | Larva and antigen found in SM (one case) | Single case | |
| Tropheryma whippelii** | DNA, rRNA, culture positive | Some cases | |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | ND | ND | |
| Amoebae | Cryptosporidium | ND | No |
| Entamoeba histolytica* | Culture positive in one case | No | |
| Entamoeba hartmanni* | ND | Single case | |
| Giardia lamblia* | ND | Some cases | |
| Respiratory tract | β-haemolytic Streptococci | ND | Some cases |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis* | 65 kDa mycobacterial heat shock protein reactive T-cells | Some cases | |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | ND | Some cases | |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Immune complexes | Single case | |
| Other (skin, soft tissue) | Bartonella henselae | ND | No |
| Borrelia burgdorferi** | DNA | No | |
| Brucella abortus/mellitensis | Culture negative by definition | No | |
| Calmette-Guerin Bacillus | Mycobacteri bovis culture positive in one case | Yes | |
| Coxiella burnetii | ND | ND | |
| Leptospira | ND | ND | |
| Orientia tsutsugamushi* | ND | ND | |
| Propionibacterium acnes | Culture positive | Single case | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | DNA | No | |
| Rickettsia conorii* | Immune complexes | No | |
| Rickettsia rickettsii* | Culture negative (single case) | Single case | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ND | Some cases | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | ND | Single case | |
| Staphylococcus haemolyticus | ND | Single case | |
| Staphylococcus lugdunensis | ND | ND | |
| Vaccination | Hepatitis B | ND | Two cases |
| Influenza | ND | Single case | |
| Measles plus mumps | ND | ND | |
| Tetanus | ND | Positive | |
| Typhoid | ND | No |
*Effective antimicrobial therapy for ReA documented in case reports
**Effective antimicrobial therapy for ReA documented in double-blind controlled studies