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. 2021 Feb 1;9(3):944–955. doi: 10.1111/andr.12965

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© 2021 The Authors. Andrology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The effects of HBs exposure on expression of Bcl2, Bax, and Apaf‐1 proteins in the sperm cells. A_1‐4, C_1‐4, and E_1‐4 showed expression of Bcl2, Bax, and Apaf‐1 proteins in the sperm cells not exposed to HBs, respectively (the control group); B_1‐4, D_1‐4, and F_1‐4 showed expression of Bcl2, Bax, and Apaf‐1 proteins in the sperm cells exposed to HBs at concentration of 25 μg/mL, respectively (the test group). 1. Low‐magnification micrographs of seminal smears. 2. A signal of the fluorescence‐labeled protein (green) in a single sperm cell. 3. DAPI‐stained nucleus (blue) in a single sperm cell. 4. A merged figure of 2 and 3. The fluorescence intensity in the test group B was weaker than that in the control group A, indicating that HBs decreased Bcl2 expression. The fluorescence intensity in the test groups D and F was stronger than those in the control groups C and E, indicating that HBs increased Bax and Apaf‐1 expression.