Table 1.

Impact of switching from control to GM HT cultivars and associated practice changes on availability of bee food

	Availability of food for bees (no unit, [0, +∞[)
Farm practice	Catalonia (ES)	Aquitaine (FR)
Control	1.24	0.63
Impact of change in practices relatively to control
Switch to HT maize	−0.03 ns	−0.04 ns
Simplified rotation	−0.35	+0.04
Maize monoculture	−0.58	−0.36
No plough	−0.84	−0.20
No till	+0.46	+1.01
Earlier sowing	+0.54	+1.03
Winter catch crop	+0.46	+0.18

ES, Spain; FR, France; ns, not significant.

Numbers indicate the effect (±) as compared to control scenarios (conventional maize). Modified after Bürger et al. ⁶¹