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Biopolymer‐based DNA vaccine delivery designs. Nanostructured biopolymers, which can include additional elements such as functional moieties or co‐polymers. Commonly employed designs include NPs with both surface‐adsorbed and incorporated pDNA. Nanocarriers can be further enclosed by polymer layers or incorporated in compounded formulations or polymer matrices. Advanced systems include NPs with metallic cores, the use of liposomes, or hydrogels.
