Table 2.

Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients in the esketamine group, the treatment resistant depression (TRD) control group and the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) group

	Esketamine	TRD	Standardized mean difference	TMS	Standardized mean difference
Total number of patients	418	830,047	–	7529	–
Age (mean ± SD)	43.53 ± 13.12	40.56 ± 14.62	0.15	43.44 ± 13.43	0.005
Women (%)	61.00	69.49	0.07	65.72	0.04
Men (%)	39.00	30.51	0.10	34.28	0.05
Severe depression (%) (any time)	79.19	29.28	0.48	93.80	−0.11
Generalized anxiety disorder (%) (any time)	71.53	26.55	0.45	59.25	0.11
Chronic pain (%) (any time)	39.0	11.50	0.39	24.17	0.19
Posttraumatic stress disorder (%) (any time)	26.56	6.65	0.34	18.86	0.11
Suicidal thoughts (%) (any time)	27.03	6.93	0.34	18.52	0.13
ADHD (%) (any time)	33.97	11.74	0.33	27.04	0.09
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (%) (any time)	29.19	9.41	0.32	24.92	0.06
Psychoactive substance use disorder (%) (any time)	20.81	8.88	0.22	14.30	0.11
Charlson index (mean ± SD) (any time)	1.55 ± 2.07	0.94 ± 1.88	0.21	1.30 ± 1.95	0.08
Antipsychotics (Other) (%) (any time)	65.07	26.56	0.40	48.23	0.16
Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD (%) (any time)	59.09	22.73	0.40	48.81	0.10
Antiepileptics (%) (any time)	84.93	44.38	0.36	71.58	0.11
Hypnotics and sedatives (%) (any time)	58.61	37.98	0.21	50.18	0.08
At least four distinct antidepressants (%) (any time)	62.92	26.14	0.39	51.51	0.13
At least four distinct antidepressants (%) (year before)	12.92	7.50	0.12	10.96	0.04
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (%) (any time)	23.21	0.13	0.48	–	–
Electroconvulsive therapy (%) (any time)	11.24	0.22	0.34	5.30	0.15
Number of outpatient visits (mean ± SD) (year before)	50.83 ± 42.51	27.14 ± 22.74	0.49	42.63 ± 31.31	0.15

Note: Data source (CCAE).

Abbreviation: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.