TABLE 1.

Mean patient characteristics by chosen provider type

	ISP	NHS	Difference
Age	68.2	68.6	−0.4***
	(10.0)	(11.6)	(0.1)
Ethnic minority	0.013	0.039	−0.025***
	(0.115)	(0.193)	(0.002)
Female	0.598	0.601	−0.002
	(0.49)	(0.49)	(0.005)
Local area deprivation	0.391	0.45	−0.058***
(Scaled 0–1)	(0.253)	(0.275)	(0.003)
Moderate comorbidity	0.167	0.225	−0.058***
(CI = 1)	(0.373)	(0.418)	(0.004)
Severe comorbidity	0.044	0.096	−0.052***
(CI > 1)	(0.205)	(0.295)	(0.003)
Prev emergency admission	0.132	0.230	−0.098***
	(0.338)	(0.421)	(0.004)
Prev elective admission	0.481	0.568	−0.088***
	(0.500)	(0.495)	(0.005)
GP ref Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (2011)	0.548	0.607	−0.059***
	(0.178)	(0.197)	(0.002)
GP 3 years ISP ref share	0.13	0.077	0.054***
(2009/2010–2011/2012)	(0.106)	(0.086)	(0.001)
N	12,357	50,525

Notes: Local area deprivation is measured using the (inverse) rank of the patient's Lower Super‐Output Area's Index of Multiple Deprivation in 2001. This measure is then rescaled to fall between zero and one. Ethnic minority are those not classed as White British or Irish. Comorbidities measured using the Charlson Index calculated using the information in the hip replacement admission. Previous admissions in the previous 3 years (1095 days) for any cause. Sample includes patients that had an elective hip replacement in 2012/2013 and were treated by a hospital that treated at least 19 other patients and that was among the closest 10 providers from the centroid of the patient's LSOA or a specialist hospital within 50 km.

Abbreviations: ISP, Independent Sector Providers; LSOA, Lower Super Output Area; NHS, National Health Service.