Figure 1.

A 51-year-old female with a Grade 3 luminal B invasive ductal carcinoma in the left breast. T₁ weighted HSR images (top) highlight a tumour at baseline (left) with a volume of 45 cm³ which reduced to 32 cm³ after one cycle of NACT (right). Analysis of the DCE-MRI data using arterial input functions measured in the descending aorta (bottom left, relative change in signal intensity vs time) produced estimates of blood flow of 0.24 ml/min/ml tissue at baseline (blue data points and curves) and 0.26 ml/min/ml tissue after one cycle (red data points and curves, bottom right). Following completion of NACT, the patient underwent a left mastectomy and pathological assessment of the resected specimen revealed an RCB index of 3.4 (RCB class III, pNR).