TABLE 1.
Baseline data in the whole population and according the drug classes
| Variables | Total (n = 802) | CTRL (n = 165) | DPP‐4 Is (n = 104) | GLP‐1RAs (n = 338) | SGLT‐2Is (n = 195) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender (n, %) | 476 (59.4) | 91 (55.2) | 59 (56.7) | 188 (55.6) | 138 (70.8) d , e |
| Age (y) | 61.5 ± 10.5 | 60.9 ± 11.6 | 62.7 ± 10.2 | 61.0 ± 10.5 | 62.1 ± 9.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.8 ± 7.1 | 32.7 ± 5.3 | 30.9 ± 6.7 d | 37.7 ± 7.0 d , e | 33.6 ± 6.8 e |
| Weight class 1/2/3/4/5 (%) a | 5/20/33/23/19 | 3/30/41/16/10 | 18/38/22/11/11 | 1/8/32/28/31 | 7/25/33/24/11 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 162.7 ± 47.8 | 143.6 ± 38.8 | 161.4 ± 46.0 d | 162.9 ± 43.3 d | 177.7 ± 55.5 d , e |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.11 ± 1.20 | 7.48 ± 0.96 | 7.95 ± 1.00 d | 8.25 ± 1.27 d , e | 8.51 ± 1.15 d , e |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 65.1 ± 9.6 | 58.3 ± 7.7 | 63.4 ± 8.0 | 66.7 ± 10.2 | 69.5 ± 9.2 |
| <7; 7‐8; 8‐9; >9 (%) | 16/28/34/22 | 31/23/42/4 | 11/47/32/10 d | 14/28/27/31 d , e | 8/23/41/28 d , e |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 109.3 ± 14.4 | 106.0 ± 13.1 | 101.3 ± 12.6 d | 114.7 ± 13.9 d , e | 107.1 ± 13.9 e |
| AST (U/L) | 26.8 ± 14.4 | 28.7 ± 10.9 | 24.9 ± 12.8 d | 26.4 ± 14.9 | 26.9 ± 16.6 |
| ALT (U/L) | 34.5 ± 20.5 | 36.2 ± 15.0 | 29.9 ± 15.9 d , e | 35.7 ± 22.2 | 34.0 ± 23.0 |
| Normal ALT (n, %) b | 311 (38.8) | 42 (25.5) | 55 (52.9) d | 120 (35.5) d , e | 94 (48.2) d |
| Gamma‐GT (U/L) | 42.0 ± 17.4 | 42.5 ± 10.7 | 39.1 ± 11.4 d | 43.5 ± 22.0 | 40.5 ± 15.1 |
| Platelets (103 × μL) | 211.9 ± 40.7 | 207.7 ± 28.4 | 214.4 ± 39.9 | 209.3 ± 36.8 | 218.6 ± 53.8 d |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.88 ± 0.27 | 0.94 ± 0.27 | 0.93 ± 0.43 | 0.84 ± 0.23 d , e | 0.89 ± 0.19 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184.0 ± 46.7 | 200.1 ± 45.1 | 183.9 ± 45.9 d | 179.9 ± 45.2 d | 177.4 ± 47.9 d |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.6 ± 10.9 | 47.0 ± 12.1 | 48.1 ± 11.1 | 44.0 ± 10.5 d , e | 41.7 ± 9.6 d , e |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 185.1 ± 112.4 | 184.8 ± 75.7 | 171.7 ± 99.0 | 183.1 ± 102.0 | 195.8 ± 154.2 |
| Systolic Pressure (mmHg) | 134.1 ± 15.8 | 136.8 ± 13.4 | 129.0 ± 13.7 d | 133.4 ± 15.9 d , e | 135.8 ± 18.0 e |
| Diastolic Pressure (mmHg) | 83.7 ± 17.9 | 84.9 ± 9.6 | 79.7 ± 13.1 d | 83.7 ± 12.1 e | 82.4 ± 12.8 d |
| Steatosis at US (%) | 666 (83.0) | 148 (89.8) | 57 (53.9) d | 307 (94.4) e | 140 (71.8) e |
| Fatty liver index (%) | 83.8 ± 17.9 | 81.5 ± 16.3 | 69.7 ± 23.8 d | 90.9 ± 10.7 d , e | 80.5 ± 19.7 e |
| No steatosis (n, %) | 14 (1.7) | 1 (0.6) | 6 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.6) |
| Undetermined (n, %) | 72 (9.0) | 16 (9.6) | 30 (28.8) | 10 (3.0) | 16 (8.2) |
| Steatosis (n, %) | 716 (89.3) | 148 (89.87) | 68 (65.4) d | 328 (97.0) d , e | 172 (88.2) |
| Fibrosis‐4 (score) | 1.40 ± 0.65 | 1.45 ± 0.56 | 1.40 ± 0.59 | 1.35 ± 0.62 | 1.43 ± 0.78 |
| No advanced fibrosis (n, %) | 391 (40.8) | 61 (37.0) | 52 (50.0) d | 178 (52.7) d | 100 (51.3) d |
| Undetermined (n, %) | 384 (47.8) | 98 (59.4) | 47 (45.2) | 151 (44.6) | 88 (45.1) |
| Advanced fibrosis (n, %) | 27 (3.4) | 6 (3.6) | 5 (4.8) | 9 (2.7) | 7 (3.6) |
| Microalbuminuria (mg/L) c | 11 [29] | 11 [17] | 10 [22] | 12 [35] | 13 [30] |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CTRL, controls; DPP‐4Is, dipeptidyl‐peptidase‐4 inhibitors; GLP‐1RAs, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists; HbA1c, glycosylated A1c haemoglobin; SGLT‐2Is, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors.
a
Weight class: normal weight/overweight/obesity class I/class II/class III.
b
ALT < 31 U/L in males and < 19 U/L in females.
c
Median [interquartile range].
d
Significantly different from the corresponding value in CTRL group.
e
Significantly different from the corresponding value in DPP‐4Is.