Table 1.
Seroprevalence of Anti-Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Among Children Aged 1–5 Years in the United States by Survey Period, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2011–2012 and 2017–2018.
| Characteristic | 2011–2012a | 2017–2018a | 2017–2018 vs 2011–2012 | 2017–2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence, %(95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | PD (95% CI)b | aPD (95% CI)c | PR (95% CI)d | aPR (95% CI)e | |
| Overall | 20.7 (14.0, 29.0) | 28.2 (23.1, 34.0) | 7.5 (−1.0, 16.0) | 7.6 (−0.4, 15.6) | … | … |
| Age, y | ||||||
| 1 | 12.3 (6.4, 20.6) | 23.3 (16.4, 31.5) | 11.1 (1.6, 20.5) | 12.7 (2.5, 23.0) | 1 | 1 |
| 2–3 | 20.0 (11.7, 30.7) | 24.5 (16.2, 34.4) | 4.4 (−7.5, 16.4) | 6.4 (−5.3, 18.1) | 1.0 (.6, 1.5) | 1.0 (.6, 1.5) |
| 4–5 | 24.2 (16.6, 33.2) | 33.9 (24.0, 44.9) | 9.7 (−2.6, 22.0) | 6.9 (−5.6, 19.4) | 1.5 (.8, 2.1) | 1.3 (.7, 1.9) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 19.9 (12.8, 28.7) | 26.5 (19.2, 34.8) | 6.6 (−3.7, 16.9) | 7.2 (−2.1, 16.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 21.7 (14.2, 30.9) | 30.0 (23.4, 37.4) | 8.4 (−1.7, 18.4) | 8.0 (−2.4, 18.4) | 1.1 (.8, 1.5) | 1.1 (.6, 1.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 10.6 (2.5, 26.7)f | 24.2 (19.0, 30.1) | 13.7 (2.8, 24.5) | 15.1 (5.3, 24.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 24.6 (19.6, 30.2) | 15.9 (9.0, 25.1) | −8.8 (−17.0, −.6) | −11.9 (−23.8, .1) | 0.7 (.3, 1.0) | 0.7 (.3, 1.1) |
| All Hispanic | 31.0 (25.9, 36.5) | 36.7 (24.8, 49.9) | 5.7 (−6.4, 17.8) | 3.0 (−8.9, 14.9) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) |
| Non-Hispanic other/multiracial | 37.0 (22.6, 53.2)g | 40.0 (26.4, 54.9) | 3.1 (−15.9, 22.0) | 3.0 (−14.8, 20.9) | 1.7 (.9, 2.4) | 1.5 (.8, 2.3) |
| Family income to poverty ratio | ||||||
| Below poverty level (<1.0) | 31.1 (23.8, 39.2) | 26.4 (16.3, 38.6) | −4.8 (−17.2, 7.7) | −3.7 (−14.7, 7.3) | 1 | 1 |
| At or above poverty level (≥1.0) | 14.9 (8.2, 24.1) | 27.6 (22.9, 32.6) | 12.6 (4.1, 21.1) | 13.1 (4.0, 22.2) | 1.0 (.7, 1.4) | 1.1 (.7, 1.6) |
| Household reference person’s education | ||||||
| Less than HS diploma | 31.3 (24.4, 38.8) | 37.2 (24.7, 51.1) | 5.9 (−7.7, 19.6) | 5.5 (−7.2, 18.2) | 1 | 1 |
| GED, HS diploma, associate degree, some college | 16.7 (11.0, 23.9) | 22.6 (17.0, 29.0) | 5.9 (−2.2, 14.0) | 5.0 (−3.5, 13.4) | 0.6 (.4, .8) | 0.6 (.3, .9) |
| College degree or more | 17.8 (6.1, 36.7)f,g | 34.7 (24.7, 45.7) | 16.8 (.2, 33.4) | 14.6 (−3.4, 32.7) | 0.9 (.5, 1.4) | 0.8 (.3, 1.3) |
| Other children 5 years old or under in household | ||||||
| No | 15.4 (10.7, 21.2) | 24.7 (18.9, 31.3) | 9.3 (1.8, 16.8) | 11.3 (4.0, 18.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 25.7 (16.1, 37.4) | 31.5 (23.5, 40.4) | 5.8 (−6.8, 18.3) | 4.2 (−7.9, 16.4) | 1.3 (.8, 1.7) | 1.1 (.7, 1.5) |
| Breast milk exposure | ||||||
| Never fed breast milk | 16.5 (11.4, 22.8) | 16.6 (9.1, 26.7) | 0.0 (−9.3, 9.3) | 2.5 (−7.5, 12.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Ever fed breast milk | 22.0 (13.7, 32.3) | 30.7 (25.1, 36.8) | 8.7 (−1.4, 18.8) | 8.9 (−.3, 18.0) | 1.9 (1.0, 2.7) | 1.7 (.9, 2.5) |
All data are weighted using Medical Examination Center (MEC) survey weights provided by the National Center for Health Statistics.
Abbreviations: aPD, adjusted prevalence difference; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; GED, general education development (high school equivalency certificate); HS, high school; IgG, immunoglobin G; PD, prevalence difference; PR, prevalence ratio.
aData are weighted prevalence estimates of anti-CMV IgG seroprevalence (%) with corresponding Korn and Graubard 95% CIs.
bCrude prevalence differences (average marginal effect of each category) and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated from survey-weighted multivaraiate logistic regression models which included a term for the interaction of time and the variable of interest, the main effect of time and the variable of interest. Crude prevalence difference (average marginal effect of each category) and corresponding 95% CIs for time were estimated from a univariable model with a term for time.
cAdjusted prevalence differences (average marginal effect of each category) and corresponding 95% CIs in CMV prevalence were estimated by survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models, which included a term for the interaction of time and the variable of interest, the main effect of time and the variable of interest, and adjustment for all other variables shown.
dCrude prevalence ratios (average marginal effect of each category) and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated from survey-weighted univariable logistic regression.
eAdjusted prevalence ratios (average marginal effect of each category) and corresponding 95% CIs in CMV prevalence were estimated by survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for all other variables shown.
fRelative CI width >130%. Estimate is considered unstable and should be interpreted with caution.
gAbsolute CI width >30%. Estimate is considered unstable and should be interpreted with caution.