Table 11.

Catalytic systems, major products, maximum FEs, and mechanisms of Cu and Zn complexes in electrochemical CO₂ reduction (n.a.=not available, prop.=proposal, comp.=computational investigation, exp.=experimental evidence).

Entry	Cat. system	Substitution	Major product	Max. FE (%)	Mechanism	Basis	Method	Ref.
1	CuCl2 + PPh3 (in situ)	–	CO HCO2H H2C2O4	73 (combined)	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	[331]
2		L=MeCN, py R1=H, Me, tBu R2=iPr, Ph	CO/CO3 2−	n.a.	ETM	exp. [332]	IL, IR‐SEC	[ 332 , 333 ]
3		–	C2O4 2−	96	ETM	exp.	MS, XRD	[58]
4		R=octyl, dodecyl	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	[334]
5		–	CO [335] CH4 [336] H2 [336]	48 7 90	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	[ 335 , 336 ]
6		–	CO HCO2H	78 31	ETM	exp. comp.	IR‐SEC DFT	[337]
7		–	CO	33	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	[335]
8		–	CO	n.a.	ETM	prop.	n.a.	[330]