Table 1:
Characteristics of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadian-born mothers in small urban and rural areas and the total cohort
| Characteristic | Rural area n = 12 800* |
Small urban area n = 18 300* |
Total cohort n = 31 100*† |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| No. (%) of Indigenous mothers n = 600 |
No. (%) of non-Indigenous mothers n = 12 200 |
p value | No. (%) of Indigenous mothers n = 1200 |
No. (%) of non-Indigenous mothers n = 17 100 |
p value | No. (%) of Indigenous mothers n = 1800 |
No. (%) of non-Indigenous mothers n = 29 300 |
p value | |
| Age of mother at birth, yr | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| 15–24 | 230 (38.4) | 1964 (16.1) | < 0.001 | 444 (37.0) | 3164 (18.5) | < 0.001 | 675 (37.5) | 5128 (17.5) | < 0.001 |
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| |||||||||
| 25–50 | 370 (61.6) | 10 236 (83.9) | 756 (63.0) | 13 937 (81.5) | 1125 (62.5) | 24 173 (82.5) | |||
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| Marital status | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Lone | 96 (16.0) | 781 (6.4) | 0.003 | 352 (29.3) | 1402 (8.2) | < 0.001 | 446 (24.8) | 2198 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
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| |||||||||
| Cohabitating | 504 (84.0) | 11 419 (93.6) | 848 (70.7) | 15 698 (91.8) | 1354 (75.2) | 27 103 (92.5) | |||
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| Education | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Less than high school | 136 (22.6) | 939 (7.7) | < 0.001 | 252 (21.0) | 1471 (8.6) | < 0.001 | 387 (21.5) | 2403 (8.2) | < 0.001 |
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| |||||||||
| High school diploma or vocational certificate | 270 (45.0) | 3745 (30.7) | 566 (47.2) | 4925 (28.8) | 837 (46.5) | 8673 (29.6) | |||
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| |||||||||
| Greater than high school diploma or vocational certificate | 194 (32.4) | 7515 (61.6) | 382 (31.8) | 10 705 (62.6) | 576 (32.0) | 18 225 (62.2) | |||
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| Household income, $ | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| 0–29 999 | 192 (32.0) | 1696 (13.9) | < 0.001 | 492 (41.0) | 2172 (12.7) | < 0.001 | 682 (37.9) | 3868 (13.2) | < 0.001 |
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| 30 000–59 999 | 221 (36.8) | 3965 (32.5) | 241 (20.1) | 5147 (30.1) | 464 (25.8) | 9112 (31.1) | |||
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| ≥ 60 000 | 152 (25.4) | 5990 (49.1) | 340 (28.3) | 9029 (52.8) | 491 (27.3) | 15 031 (51.3) | |||
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| Missing | 35 (5.8) | 549 (4.5) | 127 (10.6) | 752 (4.4) | 162 (9.0) | 1319 (4.5) | |||
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| Before-tax income | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| At or below the low-income cut-off | 184 (30.7) | 1415 (11.6) | < 0.001 | 464 (38.7) | 2189 (12.8) | < 0.001 | 648 (36.0) | 3604 (12.3) | < 0.001 |
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| |||||||||
| Above the low-income cut-off | 381 (63.5) | 10 236 (83.9) | 608 (50.7) | 14 142 (82.7) | 990 (55.0) | 24 378 (83.2) | |||
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| Missing | 35 (5.8) | 549 (4.5) | 127 (10.6) | 770 (4.5) | 162 (9.0) | 1319 (4.5) | |||
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| Parity | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| 1 child | 257 (42.9) | 4819 (39.5) | 0.6 | 430 (35.8) | 7285 (42.6) | 0.2 | 688 (38.2) | 12 101 (41.3) | 0.4 |
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| 2 children or more | 343 (57.1) | 7381 (60.5) | 770 (64.2) | 9815 (57.4) | 1112 (61.8) | 17 199 (58.7) | |||
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| Social support during pregnancy | |||||||||
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| No support or some | 318 (53.0) | 4624 (37.9) | 0.02 | 444 (37.0) | 6789 (39.7) | 0.6 | 765 (42.5) | 11 427 (39.0) | 0.4 |
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| |||||||||
| All times | 282 (47.0) | 7576 (62.1) | 756 (63.0) | 10 311 (60.3) | 1035 (57.5) | 17 873 (61.0) | |||
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| Stressful events in past 12 mo | |||||||||
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| Not stressful | 269 (44.9) | 5514 (45.2) | 0.7 | 391 (32.6) | 7404 (43.3) | 0.01 | 662 (36.8) | 12 921 (44.1) | 0.01 |
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| Somewhat stressful | 246 (41.0) | 5368 (44.0) | 565 (47.1) | 7883 (46.1) | 810 (45.0) | 13 244 (45.2) | |||
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| Very stressful | 85 (14.1) | 1318 (10.8) | 244 (20.3) | 1813 (10.6) | 328 (18.2) | 3135 (10.7) | |||
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| Any abuse | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| No | 421 (70.1) | 11 126 (91.2) | < 0.001 | 859 (71.6) | 15 082 (88.2) | < 0.001 | 1280 (71.1) | 26 194 (89.4) | < 0.001 |
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| Yes | 179 (29.9) | 1074 (8.8) | 341 (28.4) | 2018 (11.8) | 520 (28.9) | 3106 (10.6) | |||
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| Travel distance to the hospital for birth, km | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| No travel and < 50 | 314 (52.4) | 9577 (78.5) | < 0.001 | 1049 (87.4) | 15 202 (88.9) | 0.8 | 1357 (75.4) | 24 788 (84.6) | < 0.001 |
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| 50–200 | 146 (24.4) | 2367 (19.4) | 118 (9.8) | 1556 (9.1) | 266 (14.8) | 3926 (13.4) | |||
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| ≥ 200 | 139 (23.2) | 256 (2.1) | 34 (2.8) | 325 (1.9) | 176 (9.8) | 586 (2.0) | |||
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| Birth satisfaction | |||||||||
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| Low | 53 (8.8) | 927 (7.6) | 0.9 | 90 (7.5) | 1539 (9.0) | 0.6 | 142 (7.9) | 2461 (8.4) | 0.8 |
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| Moderate | 64 (10.7) | 1305 (10.7) | 104 (8.7) | 1932 (11.3) | 169 (9.4) | 3223 (11.0) | |||
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| High | 483 (80.5) | 9967 (81.7) | 1006 (83.8) | 13 629 (79.7) | 1489 (82.7) | 23 587 (80.5) | |||
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| Satisfied with travel | |||||||||
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| Positive | 209 (34.9) | 2855 (23.4) | 0.02 | 134 (11.2) | 3215 (18.8) | 0.06 | 347 (19.3) | 6065 (20.7) | 0.08 |
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| Neutral | 81 (13.5) | 2294 (18.8) | 73 (6.1) | 1932 (11.3) | 155 (8.6) | 4219 (14.4) | |||
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| Negative | 83 (13.8) | 830 (6.8) | 53 (4.4) | 616 (3.6) | 137 (7.6) | 1465 (5.0) | |||
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| Missing/not applicable | 227 (37.8) | 6210 (50.9) | 940 (78.3) | 11 337 (66.3) | 1161 (64.5) | 17 551 (59.9) | |||
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| Stay in hospital during pregnancy but before labour | |||||||||
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| Yes | 190 (31.6) | 1574 (12.9) | < 0.001 | 318 (26.5) | 2377 (13.9) | 0.0005 | 508 (28.2) | 3956 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
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| No | 410 (68.4) | 10 626 (87.1) | 882 (73.5) | 14 723 (86.1) | 1292 (71.8) | 25 345 (86.5) | |||
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| Delivery type | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Vaginal (including spontaneous and instrumental) | 445 (74.1) | 9089 (74.5) | 0.9 | 833 (69.4) | 12 722 (74.4) | 0.3000 | 1278 (71.0) | 21 799 (74.4) | 0.3 |
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| Cesarean | 155 (25.9) | 3111 (25.5) | 367 (30.6) | 4378 (25.6) | 522 (29.0) | 7501 (25.6) | |||
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| Other birth complications | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Yes | 41 (6.9) | 1061 (8.7) | 0.6 | 76 (6.3) | 1556 (9.1) | 0.3000 | 117 (6.5) | 2608 (8.9) | |
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| |||||||||
| No | 559 (93.1) | 11 139 (91.3) | 1124 (93.7) | 15 544 (90.9) | 1683 (93.5) | 26 692 (91.1) | 0.2 | ||
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| Neonatal intensive care unit admission | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Yes | 38 (6.4) | 1342 (11.0) | 0.2 | 128 (10.7) | 2103 (12.3) | 0.6 | 166 (9.2) | 3457 (11.8) | |
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| |||||||||
| No | 562 (93.6) | 10 858 (89.0) | 1072 (89.3) | 14 997 (87.7) | 1634 (90.8) | 25 843 (88.2) | 0.3 | ||
*
N are weighted and rounded.
†
Based on an unweighted sample size of 3100 women (exact number rounded to ensure anonymity).