Table 2.

Summary of socioeconomic differences in the incidence, prevalence and outcomes of hip OA.

SES Measure	Study	Data Source	Country	Health Outcome	Selected Results Point estimate (95% CI)
Education	Moss et al 201666	JoCoOA	US	IR per 1000 person-years for hip symptoms, rHOA, severe rHOA, sxHOA	rHOA: <high school: IR = 22 (16, 30) High school: IR = 22 (18, 26) >high school: IR = 17 (13, 22)
	Tepper et al 199371	NHANES-I	US	Prevalence of rHOA	rHOA: education ≤12 years vs. >12 years aOR 1.64 (0.95, 2.85)
	Cleveland et al 201377	JoCo OA	US	Prevalence of rHOA, bilateral rHOA, sxHOA, bilateral sxHOA	Bilateral sxHOA: education ≤12 years vs. >12 years aOR=1.91 (1.08,3.39)
	Grotle et al 200842	MSK pain survey	Norway	Prevalence of self-reported hip OA	self-reported hip OA: ≤ 9 years vs. >12 years aOR =2.85 (1.65,4.93) 9–12 years vs. >12 years aOR = 2.70 (1.62,4.49)
	Jorgensen et al 201143	Danish National Register	Denmark	Prevalence of hip OA by ICD-8 code	Highest education vs. vocational/basic school Hip OA for women: RR = 0.85 (0.80–0.90) Hip OA for men: RR = 0.65 (0.61– 0.68)
	Knight et al 201178	JoCo OA	US	WOMAC function, pain, total, HAQ-DI in rHOA and sxHOA	Edgucation ≤12 years vs. >12 years rHOA and WOMAC function: aβ=3.22(0.73,5.7) rHOA and HAQ-DI: aβ=0.15 (0.05,0.35)
	Schafer et al 201080	Dresden Hip Registry	Germany	WOMAC Response to THR	Risk of nonresponse to THR: education 12 years vs. 8 years aOR = 0.49 (0.27, 0.89)
	Greene et al 201479	Swedish hip arthroplasty registry	Sweden	EuroQol response to THR	Lower pain after THR: education >12 years vs. ≤ 8 years aβ =−3.3 ± 0.05
Occupation	Cleveland et al 201377	JoCo OA	US	Prevalence of rHOA, bilateral rHOA, sxHOA, bilateral sxHOA	For all hip OA outcomes and non-managerial vs. managerial occupations, no significant associations
	Knight et al 201178	JoCo OA	US	WOMAC function, pain, total, HAQ-DI in rHOA and sxHOA	rHOA and WOMAC pain: non-managerial vs. managerial aβ =0.78 (0.09, 1.47)
Income	Moss et al 201666	JoCo OA	US	IR per 1000 person-yrs for hip symptoms, rHOA, severe rHOA, sxHOA	Hip symptoms: <$15,000: IR=45 (17, 24) $15–35,000: IR=34 (27,42) ≥$35,000: IR=28 (21,37)
	Tepper et al 199371	NHANES-I	US	Prevalence of rHOA	rHOA: highest vs. lowest quartile of family income aOR 0.99 (0.40, 2.44)
	Jorgensen et al 201143	Danish National Register	Denmark	Prevalence of hip OA by ICD-8 code	≥150% vs. 75–124% average household income Knee OA among women: RR = 0.97 (0.93–1.02) Knee OA among men: RR = 0.86 (0.82–0.90)
Community Poverty	Cleveland et al 201377	JoCo OA	US	Prevalence of rHOA, bilateral rHOA, sxHOA, bilateral sxHOA	Bilateral rHOA: high vs. low poverty aOR=1.87 (1.32,2.66)
	Knight et al 201178	JoCo OA	US	WOMAC function, pain, total, HAQ-DI in rHOA and sxHOA	rHOA and HAQ-DI: high poverty vs. low poverty β=0.15 (0.01, 0.29), but not significant in models that accounted for educational attainment and income
Deprivation	Reyes et al 201540	SIDIAP	Spain	Incidence of hip OA by ICD-10 code	Hip OA: Most vs. least deprived area age and sex-aIRR = 1.23 (1.17, 1.29) fully aIRR = 1.02 (0.97, 1.07)
	Clement et al 201181	Prospective cohort of THR patients	UK	Oxford hip score, dislocation, mortality	Most vs. least deprived area Hip Dislocation: aOR=5.3 (p=0.001) Mortality: OR=3.2 (p=0.02)

Abbreviations: aβ = adjusted parameter estimate, aIRR = adjusted incidence rate ratio, aOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI= confidence interval, EuroQOL = European Quality of Life, HAQ-DI = Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, IR= annual incidence rate, IRR = incidence rate ratio, JoCo OA = Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, MSK = musculoskeletal, NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, rHOA = radiographic hip osteoarthritis, RR = rate ratio, SES = socioeconomic status, SIDIAP = System for the Development of Research in Primary Care, sxHOA = symptomatic hip osteoarthritis, THR = total hip replacement, UK = United Kingdom, US = United States, WOMAC= Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index