Table 6.

Surveys on culling day-old male layer chicks.

Reference by recent publication date	Date of survey and country where survey was conducted	Type of survey	Type of respondents, sample size, incentive to participate	Percentage of respondents' being aware of the practice of culling day old male layer chicks (CMC)	Percentage of respondents' not accepting/need for an alternative to CMC	Percentage of respondents' first preference for alternatives to CMC focusing on keeping dual purpose (DP) chicken; rearing layer males and in-ovo sex determination
Current study	July-Aug 2020	Online survey 34 questions	259*, (in)directly within personal network of authors	52%	67.3–78.8%	6–10% rearing male layers 23–29% DP chicken 51–57% in-ovo sex determination
Reithmayer et al. (39)	Dec-March 2019 Germany	26 min Online survey 26 questions	482, given a small financial incentive	N.S.	89%	N.D. rearing male layers N.D. DP chicken Different in-ovo sex determination techniques: 48%
Reithmayer and MuBhoff (38)	2018 Germany	Online survey, 4 parts, DCEd, information part, questions	400, given a financial incentive	N.D.	N.D.	27% DP chicken 0% rearing male layers 75% in-ovo sex determination
Busse et al. (10)	2016 Germany	20-min telephone interviews, 43 questions	1,000 consumers of an organic farming initiative	70%	67%	N.D. Rearing male layers 50% DP chicken N.D. in-ovo sex determination
Gremmen et al. (36)	Oct-Dec 2015 The Netherlands	Online surveya, 10 questions, 2 blocks of informative text,	1,022b	55%	47%	41.3% DP chicken 41.3% rearing layer males 37.5–43.2%c pref. in-ovo sex
Gangnat et al. (40)	Jan-Feb 2016 Switzerland	10-min survey on DP, at 8 supermarkets, 18 questions, text, photos, ruler for WTP	402e, small gift	25%	N.D. % but preference for in-ovo sex determination over CMC	N.D. % alternatives N.D. Rearing male layers No preference for DP over CMC Preference for in-ovo sex determination over CMC
Leenstra et al. (9)	N.S. The Netherlands	Online surveyf, film, 10 alternatives	1,199	42%	58%	24% DP chicken N.D. rearing male layers 25% in-ovo sex determination

^*Dataset divided in Highly Educated Women (n = 143) and REST (n = 85). N.S., Not specified; N.D., not determined;

^aSurvey made with use of a valorization panel: stakeholders (farmer representatives), consumers; retail and animal protection organizations, n = 10;

^boverrepresentation of highly educated people and 50–69 age group;

^cdifferent types of in ovo sex determination were examined (genetic modification, invasive and non-invasive methods);

^dDCE: discrete choice experiment; choose between 2 or more alternatives,

^eRespondents were either given questions focussed on eggs or on chicken;

^fSurvey made with use of 6 focus groups with 6–7 people, tested on 44 students.