TABLE 2.
Seed shattering values at crop harvest for major weeds in global cropping systems.
| Family | Scientific name | Common name* | Seed shattering (%) prior to main crop harvest** | Country/state or province | References |
| Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus tuberculatus | Tall waterhemp | 1–5 | United States/Nebraska, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Illinois | Schwartz et al., 2016 |
| Amaranthus palmeri | Palmer amaranth | 1–5 | United States/Arkansas, Tennessee, Illinois, Missouri, and Nebraska | Schwartz et al., 2016 | |
| 10 | United States/Puerto Rico | Green et al., 2016 | |||
| Amaranthus retroflexus | Redroot pigweed | 48 | United States/Virginia | Haring et al., 2017 | |
| 44 | Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017 | |||
| Amaranthaceae | Chenopodium album | Common lambsquarters | 10 | Alberta, Canada | Beckie et al., 2017 |
| 9 | United States/Virginia | Haring et al., 2017 | |||
| 50 | United States/Minnesota | Forcella et al., 1996 | |||
| Bassia scoparia | Kochia | 0 | Canada/Saskatchewan | Burton et al., 2017 | |
| 0 | Canada/Alberta and Saskatchewan | Tidemann et al., 2017 | |||
| 0 | Canada/Saskatchewan | Burton et al., 2017 | |||
| 0 | Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017 | |||
| Asteraceae | Ambrosia artemisiifolia | Common ragweed | 38 | United States/Virginia | Haring et al., 2017 |
| Ambrosia trifida | Giant ragweed | 20 | United States/Minnesota | Goplen et al., 2016 | |
| 40 | United States/Virginia | Haring et al., 2017 | |||
| Conyza bonariensis | Horseweed/flaxleaf fleabane | 7–81 | Australia/Queensland and New South Wales | Widderick et al., 2014 | |
| Sonchus asper | Prickly sowthistle | 92 | Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017 | |
| Sonchus oleraceus | Common sowthistle | 46–62 | Australia/Queensland and New South Wales | Widderick et al., 2014 | |
| Brassicaceae | Brassica napus | Canola | 2 | Canada/Alberta and Saskatchewan | Tidemann et al., 2017 |
| Raphanus raphanistrum | Wild radish | 1 | Australia/Western Australia Canada/Alberta | Burton et al., 2017; Walsh and Powles, 2014 | |
| 10 | Australia/Western Australia | Walsh and Powles, 2014 | |||
| Rapistrun rugosum | Turnip weed | 0–81 | Australia/Queensland and New South Wales | Widderick et al., 2014 | |
| Sinapis arvensis | Wild mustard | 30 | Canada/Saskatchewan Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017; Burton et al., 2017 | |
| 100 | United States/Minnesota | Forcella et al., 1996 | |||
| Sisymbrium thellungii | African turnip weed | 0 | Australia/Queensland and New South Wales | Widderick et al., 2014 | |
| Malvaceae | Hibiscus trionum | Flower of an hour/Bladder ketmia | 45–79 | Australia/Queensland and New South Wales | Widderick et al., 2014 |
| Malva neglecta | Buttonweed | 0 | Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017 | |
| Poaceae | Aegilops cylindrica | Jointed goatgrass | 30 | Australia/Western Australia | Walsh and Powles, 2014 |
| 25 | United States/Colorado | Soni et al., 2020 | |||
| Alopecurus myosuroides | Slender meadow foxtail | 40–90 | United Kingdom | Walsh et al., 2018 | |
| Avena fatua | Wild oat | 61 | Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017 | |
| 22–30 | Canada/Saskatchewan | Burton et al., 2017 | |||
| 16–31 | Western Australia, Australia | Walsh and Powles, 2014; Widderick et al., 2014 | |||
| Avena fatua; Avena sterilis | Wild oat | 80–96 | Spain and United Kingdom | Barroso et al., 2006 | |
| Bromus tectorum | Cheatgrass/downy brome | 33 | Australia/Western Australia | Walsh and Powles, 2014 | |
| 25 | United States/Colorado | Soni et al., 2020 | |||
| Chloris virgata | Rhodesgrass | 29–53 | Australia/Queensland and New South Wales | Widderick et al., 2014 | |
| Digitaria sanguinalis | Large crabgrass | 77 | United States/Virginia | Haring et al., 2017 | |
| Echinochloa colona | Jungle rice | 5–91 | Australia/Queensland and New South Wales | Widderick et al., 2014 | |
| 59–68 | United States/Arkansas | Schwartz-Lazaro et al., 2017 | |||
| 67 | United States/Puerto Rico | Green et al., 2016 | |||
| Lolium rigidum | Rigid ryegrass | 15 | Australia/Western Australia | Walsh and Powles, 2014 | |
| 15 | Spain/Catalonia | Blanco-Moreno et al., 2004 | |||
| Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum | Italian ryegrass | 4.8–54 | United States/Texas | Maity et al., 2021 | |
| Oryza sativa | Red rice | 15–87 | United States/Arkansas | Burgos et al., 2014 | |
| Secale cereale | Feral rye | 25 | United States/Colorado | Soni et al., 2020 | |
| 10 | Spain/Catalonia | Blanco-Moreno et al., 2004 | |||
| Setaria faberi | Giant foxtail | 68 | United States/Virginia | Haring et al., 2017 | |
| 60 | United States/Minnesota | Forcella et al., 1996 | |||
| Setaria viridis | Green foxtail | 6 | Canada/Saskatchewan; Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017; Burton et al., 2016, 2017 | |
| 80 | United States/Virginia | Haring et al., 2017 | |||
| Sorghum halepense | Johnsongrass | 0–50 | United States/Texas | Young, 2021 | |
| 0–30 | United States/Arkansas | Young, 2021 | |||
| Polygonaceae | Polygonum convolvulus | Black bindweed | 18 | Canada/Saskatchewan | Burton et al., 2017 |
| Rubiaceae | Galium spp. | Cleavers | 26 | Canada/Alberta | Beckie et al., 2017 |
| Galium spurium + aparine | Cleavers | 2–4 | Canada/Saskatchewan | Burton et al., 2017 |
*Common names are according to the list approved by Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). **A substantial portion of this data was obtained from Walsh et al. (2018).