Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| AD | MCI | Control | F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 27) | (n = 25) | (n = 20) | |||
| Age (years) | 64.81 ± 8.24 | 66.92 ± 8.96 | 62.60 ± 6.95 | 1.557 | 0.251 |
| Gender (male/female)d | 11/16 | 9/16 | 11/9 | 0.85 | 0.432 |
| Education (years) | 7.59 ± 5.54 | 10.20 ± 3.18 | 8.65 ± 4.62 | 2.349 | 0.097 |
| CSF t-tau (pg./ml)e | 513.46 ± 144.68 | 473.33 ± 170.52 | – | 0.917 | 0.363 |
| CSF p-tau (pg./ml)e | 115.05 ± 67.46 | 110.17 ± 58.85 | – | 0.277 | 0.783 |
| CSF β1−42 (pg./ml)e | 542.96 ± 241.18 | 557.51 ± 311.76 | – | 0.189 | 0.851 |
| MMSE | 12.48 ± 5.23 | 22.44 ± 2.86 | 27.15 ± 1.35 | 99.487 | <0.001a,b,c |
| MOCA | 7.19 ± 4.28 | 16.04 ± 3.53 | 25.23 ± 1.36 | 159.92 | <0.001a,b,c |
| HAMD | 5.96 ± 4.49 | 3.80 ± 2.94 | 2.85 ± 1.46 | 5.895 | 0.004 |
| AVLT-A (memory) | 0.41 ± 0.97 | 0.36 ± 0.91 | 4.62 ± 1.12 | 125.463 | <0.001a,b |
| AVLT-B (memory) | 10.67 ± 6.96 | 16.80 ± 2.94 | 19.54 ± 2.63 | 25.615 | <0.001a,c |
| CDT (visual spatial memory) | 9.52 ± 9.74 | 22.04 ± 7.15 | 25.00 ± 3.14 | 33.09 | <0.001a,c |
| SDMT (attention) | 4.41 ± 6.93 | 19.56 ± 11.45 | 29.15 ± 5.97 | 58.941 | <0.001a,b,*,c |
| DST (attention) | 4.26 ± 2.35 | 7.32 ± 1.87 | 10.08 ± 2.25 | 47.184 | <0.001a,b,c |
| BNT (verbal naming ability) | 13.52 ± 4.72 | 19.76 ± 4.74 | 22.69 ± 2.84 | 32.145 | <0.001a,b,c |
| VFT (verbal fluency) | 7.19 ± 3.32 | 11.16 ± 3.97 | 10.18 ± 4.47 | 30.78 | <0.001a,b,c |
| TMT-A (Attention) | 301.41 ± 137.86 | 123.04 ± 34.66 | 65.35 ± 11.53 | 48.54 | <0.001a,b,*,c |
| TMT-B (Executive) | 466.85 ± 115.14 | 307.56 ± 80.32 | 118.90 ± 18.11 | 95.03 | <0.001a,b,c |
MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; DST, Digit Span Test; BNT, Boston Naming Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Task; TMT, Trail-Making Test.
Post-hoc analysis showed significant group differences between HC and MCI.
Post-hoc analysis showed significant group differences between HC and AD.
Post-hoc analysis showed significant group differences between MCI and AD.
Values were mean ± standard deviation. Comparisons using Chi-square test.
Values were mean ± standard deviation (SD). Comparisons using Student's t test.
Means p < 0.05.