Table 2.
Clinical presentation, past medical history, among pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 – all cases (n = 31 016)
| Characteristics of all pregnant women |
All cases (n = 31016) |
Based on COVID-19 severity (n = 2743) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total # of studies |
Total events/participants |
Pooled proportion* (%) (95% CI) |
Heterogeneity (I2%) |
Severe COVID-19§ (n = 395) |
Non-severe COVID-19‖ (n = 2348) |
Risk ratio (95% CI) |
||
| Presenting symptoms |
Asymptomatic |
26 |
1274/3422 |
42.5 (31.6 to 53.8) |
97.4 |
0 |
103/390 [27,34,36,40-42] |
Non-estimable |
| Fever |
27 |
1905/26 947 |
44.1 (35.1 to 53.3) |
98.1 |
44/56 [27,28,31,36,43] |
239/393[27,28,31,36,38,41] |
1.29 (1.10 to 1.51) |
|
| Cough |
26 |
7074/26 931 |
51.5 (41.7 to 61.2) |
98.4 |
49/56 [24,27,28,36,43] |
230/396[24,27,28,36,38,41] |
1.51 (1.32 to 1.72) |
|
| Fatigue/malaise |
20 |
1931/25 587 |
26.7 (14.4 to 40.9) |
98.9 |
20/41 [27,28,36,38] |
101/313[27,28,36,38] |
1.51 (1.06 to 2.15) |
|
| Myalgia |
12 |
4046/25 262 |
20.7 (14.1 to 28.3) |
96.0 |
11/18 [38] |
8/122 [27,38] |
9.32 (4.34 to 20.02) |
|
| Headache |
12 |
4653/25 054 |
13.5 (10.3 to 17.0) |
80.6 |
9/27 [36,38] |
8/135 [36,38,44] |
5.63 (2.39 to 13.27) |
|
| Rhinorrhoea |
7 |
1471/24 954 |
8.4 (5.4 to 12.1) |
89.2 |
- |
- |
Non-estimable |
|
| SOB/Dyspnoea |
26 |
3456/26 887 |
24.1 (17.0 to 32.0) |
97.9 |
38/56 [27,28,31,36,38,43] |
99/393 [27,28,31,36,38,41] |
1.39 (1.17 to 1.65) |
|
| Sore throat |
13 |
3195/25 188 |
18.1 (11.9 to 25.3) |
95.8 |
2/8 [27] |
46/68 [41] |
0.37 (0.11 to 1.24) |
|
| Congestion |
2 |
176/23 463 |
4.4 (0.0 to 25.3) |
91.2 |
- |
- |
Non-estimable |
|
| Abdominal pain |
4 |
879/23 632 |
4.4 (0.9 to 9.8) |
79.4 |
- |
- |
- |
|
| Nausea/vomiting |
11 |
2231/25 010 |
14.2 (8.7 to 20.7) |
95.1 |
6/6 [28] |
74/128 [28,41] |
Non-estimable |
|
| Diarrhoea |
20 |
1718/26 615 |
8.0 (5.2 to 11.3) |
93.3 |
7/15 [28,36] |
31/299 [27,28,36] |
4.50 (2.38 to 8.50) |
|
| Anosmia/ageusia |
16 |
2712/25 637 |
25.1 (12.4 to 40.4) |
99.1 |
5/6 [28] |
77/97 [24,28] |
1.05 (0.72 to 1.52) |
|
| Chest pain/tightness |
8 |
436/24 899 |
4.8 (1.8 to 8.8) |
93.7 |
8/27 [36,38] |
16/123 [36,38] |
2.28 (1.09 to 4.77) |
|
| Past medical history |
No comorbidity |
5 |
172/358 |
40.6 (15.3 to 68.6) |
94.2 |
- |
- |
- |
| Smoke/tobacco |
18 |
235/3492 |
8.3 (2.3 to 17.8) |
98.3 |
14/148 [26,28,33,37] |
20/683 [28,33,34,37] |
3.23 (1.67 to 6.25) |
|
| Anaemia |
5 |
189/1171 |
16.1 (4.9 to 32.0) |
96.8 |
3/8 [27] |
0 |
Non-estimable |
|
| Hypothyroidism |
7 |
126/1270 |
8.7 (4.3 to 14.3) |
86.0 |
2/14 [26,27] |
7/181 [26,45] |
3.69 (0.85-16.14) |
|
| Chronic resp. disease (incl. asthma) |
17 |
786/27 486 |
7.0 (2.3 to 13.5) |
98.8 |
32/216 [26,33,35,46] |
58/835 [26,33,34,38,40,44,45] |
2.13 (1.42-3.20) |
|
| Cardiac disease (incl. HTN) |
16 |
462/26 750 |
4.4 (2.9 to 6.2) |
87.1 |
40/293 [26,27,33,35,46,47] |
43/796 [33,35,45] |
2.53 (1.68-3.81) |
|
| Chronic kidney disease |
3 |
25/24 176 |
0.5 (0.0 to 2.5) |
92.0 |
- |
- |
- |
|
| Diabetes |
18 |
606/27 110 |
3.4 (1.8 to 5.5( |
92.2 |
7/128 [33,47] |
20/777 [26,33,37,40,44,45] |
2.12 (0.92 to 4.92) |
|
| Immunocompromised |
3 |
158/23 669 |
2.7 (0.0 to 12.7) |
96.2 |
- |
- |
to |
|
| Any chronic disease†‡ |
11 |
8413/26 240 |
18.9 (11.7 to 27.3) |
98.2 |
61/212 [28,33,43,46] |
61/683 [28,33,34,37] |
3.22 (2.34 to 4.44) |
|
| Pregnancy related complications | GDM |
21 |
337/3451 |
8.2 (6.2 to 10.4) |
72.6 |
17/128 [33,47] |
60/720 [33,34,40,45] |
1.59 (0.96 to 2.64) |
| Pre-eclampsia (history or existing) |
19 |
238/3005 |
7.0 (5.1 to 9.1) |
70.9 |
23/180 [27,33,46] |
41/806 [27,33,41,45] |
2.51 (1.55 to 4.08) |
|
| PROM (including pPROM) |
9 |
128/1184 |
5.2 (2.4 to 8.7) |
71.4 |
3/64 [27,46,47] |
4/40 [31,40,48] |
0.47 (0.11 to 1.99) |
|
| IUGR |
6 |
27/903 |
9.3 (0.0 to 30.7) |
97.6 |
3/23 [26,46] |
8/12 [40] |
0.20 (0.06 to 0.60) |
|
| Fetal distress |
1 |
4/15 |
to |
- |
0 |
3/12 [31] |
Non-estimable |
|
| Placental abruption | 2 | 2/549 | 0.8 (0.0 to 12.5) | 74.0 | 0 | 0 | Non-estimable | |
BMI – body mass index, CI – confidence interval, COVID – coronavirus disease, GDM – gestational diabetes mellitus, HTN – hypertension, IUGR – intrauterine growth retardation; MD – mean difference, OR – odds ratio, PROM – premature rupture of membrane, PROM – preterm premature rupture of membrane, SOB – shortness of breath
*Denominator consisted of total number for which that variable was reported.
†Any chronic disease includes all that are listed in the past medical history cell above, except for smoke/tobacco and anemia
‡Cumulative proportion.
§Studies included in severe cases: [24,26-28,31,33-38,43,46,47,49].
‖Studies included in non-severe cases: [24,26-28,30,31,33-38,40-42,44,45,48,50-56].