Table 5.
Studies specifically comparing severe with non-severe COVID-19
| Characteristics of all pregnant women |
Total # of studies | Severe total events/participants | Non-severe total events/participants | Estimate MD/RR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (I2%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic |
Mean age (years) |
6 |
50 |
310 |
3.72 (2.26 to 5.18) |
60 |
| Age <35 years |
4 |
125/208 |
526/745 |
0.85 (0.71 to 1.01) |
33 |
|
| Age >35 years |
4 |
73/208 |
219/745 |
1.49 (1.21 to 1.84) |
2 |
|
| Mean gestational age (weeks) |
3 |
27 |
60 |
-2.36 (-6.83 to 2.11) |
60 |
|
| Asian |
3 |
10/10 |
135/135 |
1.00 (0.86 to 1.17) |
0 |
|
| Black |
1 |
29/75 |
68/166 |
0.94 (0.67 to 1.32) |
N/A |
|
| White |
2 |
14/83 |
32/200 |
1.17 (0.43 to 3.19) |
64 |
|
| Hispanic |
3 |
34/101 |
71/214 |
1.18 (0.58 to 2.39) |
77 |
|
| Others |
2 |
10/83 |
26/200 |
0.93 (0.48 to 1.83) |
0 |
|
| Third trimester |
2 |
2/2 |
27/27 |
1.00 (0.57 to 1.77) |
0 |
|
| Nulliparous |
3 |
9/21 |
92/209 |
0.93 (0.55 to 1.56) |
0 |
|
| Multiparous |
3 |
9/21 |
72/209 |
1.07 (0.67 to 1.72) |
0 |
|
| Presenting symptoms |
Asymptomatic |
2 |
0/13 |
28/187 |
0.53 (0.08 to 3.65) |
0 |
| Fever |
5 |
31/42 |
193/325 |
1.32 (1.08 to 1.61) |
0 |
|
| Cough |
5 |
37/42 |
184/328 |
1.26 (1.07 to 1.48) |
23 |
|
| Fatigue/malaise |
3 |
18/33 |
86/205 |
1.33 (0.75 to 2.34) |
38 |
|
| Headache |
2 |
9/27 |
7/123 |
3.57 (1.28 to 9.94) |
0 |
|
| SOB/Dyspnoea |
5 |
30/42 |
55/325 |
2.42 (1.76 to 3.34) |
15 |
|
| Diarrhoea |
2 |
7/15 |
29/191 |
3.07 (1.92 to 4.92) |
0 |
|
| Anosmia/Ageusia |
2 |
6/7 |
77/97 |
1.08 (0.77 to 1.53) |
0 |
|
| Chest pain/tightness |
2 |
8/27 |
18/123 |
1.96 (0.34 to 11.35) |
79 |
|
| Past Medical history |
Mean BMI |
2 |
14 |
116 |
4.36 (to 0.67 to 9.38) |
92 |
| Obesity |
6 |
101/237 |
236/869 |
1.56 (1.09 to 2.13) |
69 |
|
| Smoke/tobacco |
4 |
13/146 |
20/683 |
3.77 (1.86 to 7.67) |
0 |
|
| Chronic Resp Disease (incl · asthma) |
4 |
16/156 |
44/621 |
1.73 (0.78 to 3.85) |
32 |
|
| Cardiac Disease (incl · HTN) |
3 |
27/209 |
36/695 |
2.34 (0.99 to 5.53) |
51 |
|
| Diabetes |
3 |
7/142 |
11/563 |
2.96 (1.17 to 7.47) |
0 |
|
| Pregnancy related complications |
GDM |
2 |
8/27 |
18/123 |
1.96 (0.34 to 11.34) |
79 |
| Pre-eclampsia (History or existing) |
2 |
21/136 |
31/597 |
2.81 (1.67 to 4.75) |
0 |
|
| Management |
Antibiotic |
2 |
26/26 |
109/122 |
1.29 (0.63 to 2.67) |
89 |
| Antiviral |
2 |
14/26 |
57/122 |
1.87 (1.47 to 2.37) |
0 |
|
| Steroids |
2 |
7/26 |
33/122 |
1.77 (0.86 to 3.65) |
0 |
|
| Oxygen |
4 |
29/29 |
12/179 |
10.20 (1.22 to 85.09) |
89 |
|
| ICU admission |
2 |
6/22 |
5/92 |
11.48 (4.43 to 29.75) |
5 |
|
| Birth and neonatal outcomes | Fetal loss |
2 |
0/137 |
14/184 |
0.17 (0.02 to 1.28) |
0 |
| Vaginal births |
7 |
48/159 |
262/539 |
0.75 (0.33 to 1.71) |
79 |
|
| Caesarean births |
8 |
109/155 |
286/548 |
1.44 (0.99 to 2.10) |
79 |
|
| Preterm births (<37 weeks) |
5 |
63/219 |
69/484 |
2.41 (1.74 to 3.34) |
0 |
|
| Mean APGAR score at 1 min |
1 |
7 |
63 |
-0.20 (-0.72 to 0.32) |
NA |
|
| NICU admission | 2 | 30/67 | 57/222 | 2.14 (0.27 to 16.98) | 93 | |
BMI – body mass index, CI – confidence interval, COVID – coronavirus disease, GDM – gestational diabetes mellitus, HTN – hypertension, ICU – intensive care unit, IUGR – intrauterine growth retardation; NICU – neonatal intensive care unit, MD: mean difference, RR – risk ratio, SOB – shortness of breath