Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with or without cognitive decline from 2011 to 2015.
| Characteristics | Total | Persistent normal | Cognitive decline* | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 4,915 | 3,936 (80.1) | 979 (19.9) | |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 57.7 ± 8.2 | 56.8 ± 7.8 | 61.3 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 2,416 (49.2) | 1,874 (47.6) | 542 (55.4) | <0.001 |
| Menopause, n (%)# | 1,676 (69.4) | 1,231 (65.7) | 445 (82.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 23.9 ± 3.7 | 24.1 ± 3.7 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 209 (4.3) | 138 (3.5) | 71 (7.3) | |
| Normal weight | 2,719 (55.3) | 2,139 (54.3) | 580 (59.2) | |
| Overweight or obesity | 1,987 (40.4) | 1,659 (42.2) | 328 (33.5) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married, living together | 4,324 (88.0) | 3,530 (89.7) | 794 (81.1) | |
| Married, separated | 179 (3.6) | 142 (3.6) | 37 (3.8) | |
| Single | 412 (8.4) | 264 (6.7) | 148 (15.1) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Illiterate | 811 (16.5) | 410 (10.4) | 401 (41.0) | |
| Part of primary school | 878 (17.9) | 656 (16.7) | 222 (22.7) | |
| Primary or private school | 1,333 (27.1) | 1,100 (27.9) | 233 (23.8) | |
| Middle school | 1,274 (25.9) | 1,172 (29.8) | 102 (10.4) | |
| High school or above | 619 (12.6) | 598 (15.2) | 21 (2.2) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.101 | |||
| Never smoking | 2,879 (58.6) | 2,281 (58.0) | 598 (61.1) | |
| Former smoking | 331 (6.7) | 277 (7.0) | 54 (5.5) | |
| All the time | 1,705 (34.7) | 1,378 (35.0) | 327 (33.4) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Never drinking | 3,276 (66.7) | 2,600 (66.1) | 676 (69.1) | |
| Former drinking | 308 (6.3) | 231 (5.9) | 77 (7.9) | |
| All the time | 133 (27.1) | 1,105 (28.1) | 226 (23.1) | |
| Active exercise, n (%) | 927 (18.9) | 751 (19.1) | 176 (18.0) | 0.430 |
| Disability, n (%) | 668 (13.6) | 475 (12.1) | 193 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1,849 (37.6) | 1,456 (37.0) | 393 (40.1) | 0.069 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 705 (14.3) | 567 (14.4) | 138 (14.1) | 0.805 |
| Heart problems, n (%) | 583 (11.9) | 478 (12.1) | 105 (10.7) | 0.219 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 84 (1.7) | 65 (1.6) | 19 (1.9) | 0.532 |
| Medication use, n (%) | 540 (11.0) | 418 (10.6) | 122 (12.5) | 0.099 |
| TC | 193.1 ± 37.2 | 192.8 ± 37.2 | 194.2 ± 37.4 | 0.304 |
| NHDL-C | 142.9 ± 37.5 | 142.9 ± 37.5 | 142.7 ± 37.4 | 0.842 |
| LDL-C | 116.1 ± 34.6 | 116.2 ± 34.4 | 115.6 ± 35.2 | 0.591 |
| HDL-C | 50.2 ± 15.1 | 49.8 ± 15.0 | 51.5 ± 15.3 | 0.002 |
*
Cognitive decline was determined by global cognitive function;
#
Proportion of menopause was calculated in females. BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; NHDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.