Table 4.
Characteristics of Participants in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study by Integrative Successful Aging Score
| Overall at Baseline* | Overall at 2-Year Follow-up | p Value† | High ISA at Baseline‡ | Low ISA at Baseline‡ | p Value§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 56.6 ± 7.4 | 58.7 ± 7.5 | <.0001 | 55.8 ± 7.4 | 57.5 ± 7.3 | .0004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.3 ± 6.6 | 32.3 ± 6.6 | .48 | 30.8 ± 6.0 | 34.2 ± 7.2 | <.0001 |
| Female (%) | 71.4% | 71.4% | N/A | 63.8% | 80.8% | <.0001 |
| Total household income ($/y) | 11 800 (8600– 20 200) | 12 900 (10 000- 21 400) | .01 | 14 300 (9000– 25 000) | 10 000 (8400– 15 600) | <.0001 |
| Educational attainment (%) | N/A | <.0001 | ||||
| Less than 8th grade | 47.6% | 47.6% | 35.1% | 63.2% | ||
| 9th–12th grade or GED | 37.3% | 37.3% | 45.9% | 26.6% | ||
| Some college or higher | 15.1% | 15.1% | 19.0% | 10.2% | ||
| Psychological acculturation score (10–45) | 18.3 ± 6.7 | 17.9 ± 7.1 | .14 | 18.9 ± 6.9 | 17.6 ± 6.4 | .004 |
| Health insurance (%) | 95.3% | 76.8%** | <.001 | 92.8% | 98.3% | <.0001 |
| Language of administration (%) | .02 | |||||
| English | 4.2% | 4.1% | 1.0 | 5.3% | 2.9% | |
| Spanish | 86.3% | 92.9% | <.001 | 83.5% | 89.8% | |
| Both, English and Spanish | 9.5% | 3.0% | <.001 | 11.2% | 7.4% | |
| Comprehensive lifestyle behavioral risk factor score (0–10) | 4.9 ± 1.8 | 4.9 ± 1.8 | .33 | 5.2 ± 1.8 | 4.4 ± 1.7 | <.0001 |
| Individual lifestyle behavioral factors | ||||||
| Physical activity score (0–63)|| | 31.8 ± 4.8 | 31.8 ± 4.7 | .96 | 32.7 ± 5.3 | 30.6 ± 3.8 | <.0001 |
| Sedentary behavior (hours/d watching TV) | 4.8 ± 2.7 | 5.1 ± 2.8 | .003 | 4.6 ± 2.6 | 5.1 ± 2.8 | .004 |
| Current smoker (%) | 23.3% | 20.7% | .03 | 22.5% | 24.2% | .38 |
| Sleep score (0–20)¶ | 10.0 ± 5.2 | 10.0 ± 5.2 | N/A | 10.9 ± 5.3 | 8.8 ± 4.9 | <.0001 |
| AHEI-2010 score (0–84)# | 54.2 ± 9.0 | 52.6 ± 7.4 | <.0001 | 55.3 ± 9.1 | 52.8 ± 8.7 | <.0001 |
| Integrative successful aging score (0–21) | 11.2 ± 3.6 | 10.1 ± 3.3 | <.0001 | 13.7 ± 2.3 | 8.0 ± 1.7 | <.0001 |
| Physical domain score (0–11) | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | <.0001 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | <.0001 |
| Cognitive-psychosocial domain score (0–10) | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | <.0001 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | <.0001 |
Notes: AHEI-2010 = Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010; BMI = body mass index; GED = general education diploma; ISA = integrative successful aging; TV = television.
*Shown as mean ± SD (median [interquartile range] for total household income) for continuous or percent for categorical variables. n = 864–950.
†Differences between baseline versus 2 years tested with paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous or McNemar’s test for categorical variables.
‡Defined as less than the baseline median ISA score of 11 (low ISA) versus greater than or equal to the baseline median (high ISA).
§Differences by high ISA versus low ISA tested with t test or Wilcoxon Rank Sum for continuous or chi-square for categorical variables.
||Assessed using a modified Paffenbarger questionnaire of the Harvard Alumni Activity Survey and calculated as the sum of hours spent on typical activities multiplied by weighing factors for each activity. Higher scores indicate higher levels of physical activity.
¶Assessed as a score incorporating quantity of sleep (over a 24-h period) and quality of sleep (level of tiredness during the day, snoring, and restful sleep). Sleep score at baseline and 2 years assumed to be the same as data were collected only at the 2-year time point.
#Calculated as a sum score of 11 foods and nutrients; the score ranges between 0 (nonadherence) and 110 (perfect adherence).
**Question at 2-year follow-up asked if participants still had the same health insurance plan as baseline.