Table 3.
Relationships Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Cessation
| Characteristics | Total sample | Non-daily smokers | Daily smokers | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-daily | Daily | p | White | Black | Other | Hispanic | p | White | Black | Other | Hispanic | p | |
| N = 3608 | N = 13 710 | N = 1869 | N = 547 | N = 274 | N = 868 | N = 9014 | N = 2048 | N = 849 | N = 1549 | ||||
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | ||||
| 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | ||||
| Menthol | .07 | .37 | .23 | ||||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.2 | |||
| (0.8, 1.3) | (0.6, 0.9) | (0.9, 1.7) | (0.4, 2.5) | (0.2, 2.1) | (0.5, 1.5) | (0.6, 1.0) | (0.3, 0.9) | (0.1, 2.5) | (0.6, 2.4) | ||||
| Age | .45 | .39 | .83 | ||||||||||
| 18–24 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 2.1 | |||
| (0.5, 1.3) | (0.9, 1.7) | (0.5, 1.4) | (0.3, 2.6) | (0.3, 14.0) | (0.3, 2.1) | (0.7, 1.6) | (0.9, 8.1) | (0.1, 8.2) | (0.5, 8.9) | ||||
| 25–34 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.2 | |||
| (0.6, 1.4) | (0.8, 1.4) | (0.5, 1.6) | (0.5, 2.8) | (0.8, 37.4) | (0.2, 1.4) | (0.6, 1.2) | (0.7, 4.3) | (0.1, 15.2) | (0.5, 9.7) | ||||
| 35–54 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | |||
| (0.4, 1.0) | (0.5, 1.0) | (0.4, 1.0) | (0.3, 2.9) | (0.5, 13.6) | (0.2, 1.2) | (0.5, 0.9) | (0.5, 2.8) | (0.1, 6.5) | (0.3, 5.7) | ||||
| 55+ | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Sex | .10 | .30 | .35 | ||||||||||
| Male | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | |||
| (0.7, 1.2) | (1.0, 1.6) | (0.8, 1.4) | (0.3, 1.1) | (0.2, 1.8) | (0.6, 1.8) | (1.1, 1.7) | (0.5, 1.4) | (0.3, 3.7) | (0.5, 2.1) | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Education | .80 | .41 | .01 | ||||||||||
| Less than high school or GED | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| High school graduate | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 4.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 6.0 | 1.3 | |||
| (0.8, 2.3) | (0.8, 1.5) | (0.5, 2.1) | (1.1, 9.8) | (0.7, 34.1) | (0.5, 3.2) | (0.7, 1.4) | (0.4, 2.0) | (1.3, 28.1) | (0.6, 2.8) | ||||
| Some college or Associates degree | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 3.3 | |||
| (0.9, 1.9) | (0.9, 1.8) | (0.7, 2.4) | (0.6, 4.7) | (0.4, 12.1) | (0.5, 1.9) | (0.8, 1.7) | (0.4, 2.1) | (0.2, 6.5) | (1.6, 6.9) | ||||
| Bachelor’s or Advanced degree | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 5.1 | 0.6 | |||
| (1.0, 2.4) | (0.9, 2.2) | (0.8, 3.0) | (0.7, 27.9) | (0.2, 13.3) | (0.6, 3.1) | (0.8, 2.0) | (0.3, 7.6) | (0.8, 31.6) | (0.0, 8.3) | ||||
| Nicotine | .56 | .48 | .24 | ||||||||||
| ≥30 minutes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| <30 minutes | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | |||
| (0.5, 1.1) | (0.5, 0.8) | (0.4, 1.2) | (0.2, 1.5) | (0.1, 3.2) | (0.6, 3.0) | (0.5, 0.9) | (0.3, 1.2) | (0.0, 0.6) | (0.3, 1.3) | ||||
| Quit | <.01 | .99 | .51 | ||||||||||
| Not tried to quit | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Tried to quit | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 0.9 | |||
| (0.4, 1.0) | (1.1, 1.8) | (0.4, 1.0) | (0.3, 1.7) | (0.1, 4.5) | (0.3, 1.5) | (1.1, 2.0) | (0.8, 2.6) | (0.6, 11.8) | (0.5, 1.8) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | .13 | ||||||||||||
| White | Ref | Ref | |||||||||||
| Black | 0.6 | 0.9 | |||||||||||
| (0.4, 1.0) | (0.6, 1.1) | ||||||||||||
| Other | 1.4 | 0.9 | |||||||||||
| (0.8, 2.4) | (0.5, 1.7) | ||||||||||||
| Hispanic | 1.3 | 0.9 | |||||||||||
| (0.9, 2.0) | (0.6, 1.3) |
CI = confidence interval; GEE = generalized estimating equation; OR = odds ratio. Bold font indicates p < .05. All racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic except for the Hispanic group. The p values reflect the significance level of the interaction terms in the fully interacted GEE models. For example, among non-daily smokers, the p value of .37 indicates that there is no significant difference in the relationship between menthol cigarette use and cessation across racial/ethnic groups.