VLPs (4 nM) were incubated with moDCs (37 °C, 24 h), washed, treated with dye-labeled antibodies against (a) MHC II (HLA DR), and (b) CD86, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM) from at least three independent experiments; statistical significance between particle-stimulated and unstimulated cells (*P<0.05) was determined by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. MFI = mean fluorescence intensity (arbitrary units).