Table 3.
Herbal formulations regulate the methylation status of AS-related genes.
| Formulation | Components | Target genes | Category of methylation effect | Mechanism of regulating DNA methylation | Model | Diseases | In vitro/in vivo | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liuwei Ihuang pill | Shu Di Huang, Shan Zhu Yu, Fu Ling, Shan Yao, Mu Dan Pi, and Ze Xie | ERα | Hypomethylation | DNMT1↓ | Hcy-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells; postmenopausal AS model | AS | In vitro/in vivo | [13] |
|
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| Sanhuang Xiexin Tang | Da Huang, Huang Qin, and Huang Lian | ERα | Hypomethylation | DNMT1↓ | Lipopolysaccharide-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells; aorta from rats under a high-fat diet | AS | In vitro/in vivo | [54] |
|
| ||||||||
| Shenqi compound | Sheng Dihuang, Huai Shanyao, Shan Zhuyu, Sheng Huangqi, Ren Shen, Dan Shen, Zhi Dahuang, and Tian Huafen | mTOR, Tnfrsf1b, Ppargclα, Tlr5, Alox12, CYP24A1, TCF4, HB-EGF, and Tnfaip8 | Hypermethylation | KKAy mice | Diabetes mellitus | In vivo | [55] | |
|
| ||||||||
| Dan Hong injection | Dan Shen and Hong Hua | Atg13 | Hypomethylation | ApoE−/− mice fed with HFD | AS | In vivo | [56] | |
|
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| Shen-Yuan-Dan capsule | Huang Qi, Dang Shen, Dan Shen, Di Long, Shui Zhi, Tu Yuan, Xuan Shen, and Yan Hu Suo | Atg13 | Hypomethylation | DNMT1↓ | ApoE−/− mice fed with HFD | AS | In vivo | [57] |
|
| ||||||||
| Soufeng Qutan Fang | Quan Xie, Wu Gong, Di Long, Chen Pi, Fa Ban Xia, Bai Zhu, Shui Zhi, and Jin Yin Hua | ER and MMP9 | Hypermethylation and hypomethylation | Human peripheral blood cells | ACS | Clinical research | [59] | |
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| Wen Ban Tang | Quan Xie, Di Long, Chen Pi, Fa Ban Xia, Bai Zhu, Wu Gong, Shui Zhi, and Jin Yin Hua | Thrombomodulin | Hypomethylation | Human peripheral blood cells | ACS | Clinical research | [60] | |
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| Yangxin Tongmai Formulation | Ren Shen, Dan Shen, Zhi Shi, Fu Ling, and Gui Zhi | ZEB2 | Hypermethylation | Human peripheral blood cells | Coronary heart disease | Clinical research | [61] | |
High-fat diet (HFD), atherosclerosis (AS), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (Tnfrsf1b), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargcl α), toll-like receptor 5(Tlr5), arachidonate (12S)-lipoxygenase (Alox12), cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1), transcription factor 4 (TCF4), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (Tnfaip8), autophagy-related protein 13 (Atg13), estrogen receptor (ER), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2).