Table 1.
The underlying circuits of stress-induced mood disorders and its influencing factors.
| Stress paradigms | Region targeted | Neuron | Opsin(s) | Manipulation (Activation/Inhibition) | Test/behaviors | Findings | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VTA to mPFC | CSDS (10days) | VTA | DA | ChR2 | OA (20 Hz, 5 spikes, 10 s interval) | SPT↓ SI↓ |
Increase depression-like phenotypes with activation | Chaudhury et al., 2013 |
| CSDS (10days) | VTA to mPFC | DA | ChR2 | OA (20 Hz,8 s, 2 s interval) | SPT↔ SI↔ |
No depressive effect with activation | Chaudhury et al., 2013 | |
| CSDS (10days) | VTA to mPFC | DA | NpHR | OI (20 Hz, 8 s, 2 s interval) | SI↑ SPT↔ |
Increased depression-like phenotypes with inhibition | Chaudhury et al., 2013 | |
| mPFC | SDS | mPFC | N/A | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz, 1 s, 3 s interval) | SPT↑ SI↑ |
Reduced depression-like phenotypes with activation | Covington et al., 2010 |
| SDS | mPFC | N/A | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz, 1 s, 3 s interval) | EPM↔ OPT↔ |
No anxiogenic effect with activation | Covington et al., 2010 | |
| SDS | mPFC | N/A | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz, 1 s, 3 s interval) | Social recognition test↔ | No cognitive effect with activation | Covington et al., 2010 | |
| FST | mPFC | 5-HT | ChR2 | OA (20 Hz 5 ms) | FST↔ OFT↔ |
No depressive effect with activation | Warden et al., 2012 | |
| susceptible mice | mPFC (PrL) | N/A | ChR2 | OA (2.5 mW, 1 min) | OFT↑ | Have anti-depressive effect with activation | Kumar et al., 2013 | |
| susceptible mice | mPFC (PrL) | N/A | ChR2 | OA (2.0 mW, 5 min) | FST↑ OFT↑ |
Have anti-depressive effect with activation | Kumar et al., 2013 | |
| CSDS (15 days) | mPFC (PrL) | N/A | ChR2 | OA (2.0 mW, 5 min) | EPM↑ | Reduced anxiolytic-like phenotypes with activation | Kumar et al., 2013 | |
| CSDS (15 days) | mPFC (PrL) | N/A | ChR2 | OA (2.0 mW, 5 min) | SI↔ OFT↔ |
No depressive effect with activation | Kumar et al., 2013 | |
| susceptible mice | mPFC (PrL) | N/A | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz 40 ms, 3 s interval) | N/A | Have anti-depressive effect with activation | Vialou et al., 2014 | |
| TST, electric shock | mPFC (PL) | N/A | C1V1 | OA (2 mW/pulses, 46 pulses/30 ms, 3s, 36 ms interval) | Decision test↓ | Reduced social decision-making behaviors with activation | Friedman et al., 2017 | |
| TST, electric shock | mPFC(PL) | N/A | eArch | OI (2 mW/pulses, 1 pulse 3 s) | Decision test↑ | Increased social decision-making behaviors with activation | Friedman et al., 2017 | |
| TST | mPFC | Glu | ChR2 | OA high-frequency (100 Hz, 1 s, 3 s interval) | TST↑ | Reduced depression-like phenotypes with activation | Son et al., 2018 | |
| FST | mPFC | Drd1 DA | ChR2 | OA (5 mW/side, 10 Hz, 15 ms, 1 min on/1 min off, 60 min) | FST↑ SPT↔ |
Reduced depression-like phenotypes with activation | Hare et al., 2019 | |
| FST | mPFC | Drd1 DA | ChR2 | OA (5 mW/side, 10 Hz, 15 ms, 1 min on/1 min off, 60 min) | EPM↑ NSF↔ |
No anxiogenic effect with activation | Hare et al., 2019 | |
| FST | mPFC | Drd2 DA | ChR2 | OA (5 mW/side, 10 Hz, 15 ms, 1 min on/1 min off, 60 min) | FST↔ SPT↔ |
No depressive effect with activation | Hare et al., 2019 | |
| FST | mPFC | Drd2 DA | ChR2 | OA (5 mW/side, 10 Hz, 15 ms, 1 min on/1 min off, 60 min) | EPM↓ NSF↔ |
Reduced anxiolytic-like phenotypes with activation | Hare et al., 2019 | |
| mPFC-AMY | CSDS (10 days) | mPFC (PrL)-BLA | Glu | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz, 40 ms, 3 s interval) | SI↔ SPT↔ |
No depressive effect with activation | Vialou et al., 2014 |
| CSDS (10 days) | mPFC (PrL)-BLA | Glu | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz, 40 ms, 3 s interval) | EPM↑ | Reduced anxiolytic-like phenotypes with activation | Vialou et al., 2014 | |
| mPFC-Striatum | CSDS (10 days) | mPFC (PrL)-NAc | Glu | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz, 40 ms, 3 s interval) | SI↑ SPT↑ |
Reduced depression-like phenotypes with activation | Vialou et al., 2014 |
| CSDS (10 days) | mPFC (PrL)-NAc | Glu | ChR2 | OA (100 Hz, 40 ms, 3 s interval) | EPM↔ | No anxiogenic effect with activation | Vialou et al., 2014 | |
| mPFC- Thal | FST | mPFC-LHB | N/A | ChR2 | OA (20 Hz, 5 ms) | FST↓ | Increased depression-like phenotypes with activation | Warden et al., 2012 |
| TST | mPFC (IL)-Thal | N/A | ChETA | OA (5 Hz, 15 ms interval/ 14.05 Hz) | TST↑ OFT↔ |
Reduced depression-like phenotypes with activation | Carlson et al., 2017 | |
| SDS | DP/DTT → DMH | N/A | iChloC | OI (10 Hz, 30/180 s) | SI↑, OFT↑ | Reduced depression-like phenotypes with inhibition | Kataoka et al., 2020 | |
| susceptible mice | DP/DTT → DMH | Glu | ChIEF | OA (10 Hz, 30/180 s) | BAT↑ | Induced psychosocial stress responses with inhibition | Kataoka et al., 2020 | |
| mPFC-DRN | FST | mPFC-DRN | Glu, GABA, 5-HT | ChR2 | OA (20 Hz, 5 ms) | FST↑ OFT↑ |
Reduced depression-like phenotypes with activation | Warden et al., 2012 |
| CSDS (11days) | vmPFC-DRN | GABA | ChR2 | OA (7.33 mW mm−2, 25 hz, 10 ms, 20 min) | SI↓ | Increased depression-like phenotypes with activation | Challis et al., 2014 | |
| CSDS (11days) | vmPFC-DRN | GABA | Arch | OI (7.05 mW mm−2, 20 min) | SI↑ | Reduced depression-like phenotypes with inhibition | Challis et al., 2014 |
AMY, amygdala; 5-HT, serotonergic nucleus; BAT, brown adipose tissue; BLA, basolateral amygdala; ChETA, channelrhodopsin-2 variant; ChR2, channelrhodopsin-2; CSDS, chronic social defeat stress; DA, dopamine; DP, dorsal peduncular cortex; DTT, dorsal tenia tecta; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; EPM, Elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test (non-social stress model); GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; Glu, glutamatergic; IL, infralimbic cortex; LH, lateral habenula; NAc, nucleus accumbens; NSF, novelty suppressed feeding test; OPT, open field test; OA, optogenetic activation; OI, optogenetic inhibition; SDS, social defeat stress; SI, Social interaction test; SPT, sucrose preference test; THal, Thalamus; TST, tail suspension test (non-social stress model).