Table 1.

Overview application of synthetic NPs in various fields including biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and industrial aspects

Utilization of NPs	Description
Medical aspects
Antimicrobial activity	NPs can perturb microbial membrane and inhibit microbial pathogens.
Antimicrobial drugs resistance	NPs can prevent or block the multidrug-resistance and biofilm formation.
Antiparasitic applications	NPs disturb cellular function, resulting in denaturation and structural malformation.
Anticancer applications	NPs induce cellular apoptosis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, and cytotoxicity.
Antioxidant applications	Effects of NPs may be beneficial for the treatment of free radical-related physiological conditions.
Environmental aspects
Clean-up of pollutant dyes	NPs have potential on degrading synthetic dyes, due to their high photocatalytic activity and large surface area.
Heavy metal ion sensing	Metal NPs can act as colorimetric sensor of heavy metal elements, due to the adjustable size and distance-dependent optical features.
Toxicant removal	Metal NPs have potential on degrading persistent contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides.
Agriculture aspects
Detoxification of agrochemicals	NP-based filters are effective in detoxification of organic pollutants such as endosulfan, malathion and chlorpyrifos from water.
Control of plant disease	NPs have potential on controlling plant pathogens in a relatively safer manner compared to chemical fungicides.
Pesticides applications	NPs in pesticide formula refer as smart delivery system of water-soluble pesticide for its slow release.
Industrial aspects
Catalytic activity	NPs enhance catalytic reaction rate by promoting the adsorption of reactants on their surface, thereby alleviating activation energy barriers.

NPs, nanoparticles.