Table 1.
Demographic information with group differences in mean GAD-7 and PHQ-8 scores
| N (%) | Mean (SD) | Group Difference*** | Cohen’s d or f (effect size) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAD7 | PHQ8 | GAD7 | PHQ8 | GAD7 | PHQ8 | ||
| Gender | p = .004 | p = .011 | d = .15 | d = .13 | |||
| Female | 1000 (63.7) | 3.7 (5.1) | 4.2 (5.4) | ||||
| Male | 570 (36.3) | 3.0 (4.3) | 3.5 (4.9) | ||||
| Age Group (years) | p < .001 | p < .001 | f = .20 | f = .19 | |||
| 20–30a | 144 (9.2) | 5.0 (5.5) | 5.7 (6.2) | a > c,d,e | a > c,d,e | ||
| 31–40b | 704 (44.8) | 4.0 (5.2) | 4.5 (5.5) | b > c,d,e | b > c,d,e | ||
| 41–50c | 398 (25.4) | 2.9 (4.3) | 3.5 (5.0) | c < a,b; c>e | c < a,b; c > e | ||
| 51–60d | 214 (13.6) | 2.7 (4.3) | 3.0 (4.4) | d < a,b | d < a,b | ||
| 61–82e | 110 (7.0) | 1.4 (2.3) | 1.9 (2.7) | e < a,b,c | e < a,b,c | ||
| Marital Status | p = .009 | p = .004 | f = .07 | f = .08 | |||
| Married/civil partnershipa | 1118 (71.2) | 3.2 (4.6) | 3.7 (5.0) | a < c | a < c | ||
| Divorced/separated/ widowedb | 209 (13.3) | 3.6 (5.0) | 4.4 (5.6) | ||||
| Never marriedc | 243 (15.5) | 4.3 (5.5) | 4.8 (5.7) | ||||
| Total Household Income | p < .001 | p < .001 | f = .15 | f = .19 | |||
| $0–$29,999a | 372 (23.7) | 4.5 (5.7) | 5.5 (5.9) | a > c,d | a > b,c,d | ||
| $30,000–$59,999b | 418 (26.6) | 3.7 (4.9) | 4.1 (5.5) | b > d | b < a; b > d | ||
| $60,000–$89,999c | 304 (19.4) | 2.7 (3.9) | 3.4 (4.7) | c < a | c < a | ||
| $90,000+d | 341 (21.7) | 2.8 (4.2) | 2.9 (4.1) | d < a,b | d < a,b | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 1236 (78.7) | 3.6 (4.8) | 4.2 (5.3) | p = .391* | p = .067* | d = .07 | d = .14 |
| Black or African American | 218 (13.9) | 3.5 (5.4) | 3.8 (5.2) | ||||
| Asian | 54 (3.4) | 1.9 (3.5) | 2.2 (3.8) | ||||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 41 (2.6) | 3.3 (5.0) | 4.3 (5.9) | ||||
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 9 (0.6) | 2.2 (2.7) | 3.7 (4.8) | ||||
| Other Race | 86 (5.5) | 2.8 (4.7) | 3.5 (5.6) | ||||
| Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish Origin | 255 (16.3) | 3.1 (5.0) | 3.8 (5.6) | p = .256** | p = .616** | d = .08 | d = .04 |
| Number of Children in the Home | p = .198 | p = .557 | f = .06 | f = .03 | |||
| 1–2 | 815 (51.9) | 3.5 (4.9) | 4.0 (5.1) | ||||
| 3–4 | 530 (33.8) | 3.2 (4.7) | 3.8 (5.3) | ||||
| 5–17 | 223 (14.2) | 3.8 (5.1) | 4.2 (5.4) | ||||
The GAD-7 measures symptoms of generalized anxiety and the PHQ-8 measures symptoms of depression
*Difference between white-identifying parents and Black- or African American-identifying parents
**Difference between parents reporting and not reporting Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin
***Results from a Welch’s t-test (2 groups) or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests (more than 2 groups)