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. 2020 Oct 7;89(7):1619–1626. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-01177-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Integrin heterodimers consists of numerous combinations of α and β subunits. With respect to ligand specificity, integrins are generally classified as collagen-binding integrins (α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₁₀β₁, and α₁₁β₁), RGD-recognizing integrins (α₅β₁, α_Vβ₁, α_Vβ₃, α_Vβ₅, α_Vβ₆, α_Vβ₈, and α_IIbβ₃), laminin-binding integrins (α₃β₁, α₆β₁, α₇β₁, and α₆β₄), and leukocyte integrins (α_Lβ₂, α_Mβ₂, α_Xβ₂, and α_Dβ₂). The β₂ integrin subunit (CD18) can pair with one of the four α subunits (α_L-CD11a, α_M-CD11b, α_X-CD11c, and α_D-CD11d), forming leukocyte function-associated antigen-1, Mac1/CR3 (macrophage-1 antigen, complement receptor 3), 150.95/CR4 (complement receptor 4), and CD18/CD11d, respectively. CD11a/CD18 is expressed mainly on all leukocytes, while CD11b/CD18, CD11c/CD18, and CD11d/CD18 are expressed on myeloid cells.^106,107 The α_Mβ₂ integrin (also known as CR3, CD11b/CD18, or Mac-1) is found on phagocytic cells and implicated in the adhesion of leucocytes to endothelium and opsonization of microbes. Ligands for CR3 include the complement component iC3b, the intercellular adhesion molecule (1CAM-1), and coagulation factors like fibrinogen and factor X.