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. 2021 Jul 1;6:14. doi: 10.1038/s41539-021-00093-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Structure of the sequences used in the SRT task and ASRT task. In the SRT task, a deterministic sequence of 12 elements is repeated five times per block. In the ASRT task, a deterministic sequence of four elements is interleaved with four random elements resulting in an eight-element probabilistic sequence, which is repeated ten times per block. b The number of participants and sessions in Experiment 1 (SRT experiment), Experiment 2 (ASRT experiment), and Experiment 3 (long ASRT experiment). c Type of learning investigated in each experiment. d Summary of the results. General skill and high-order rule learning occur during rest periods (offline) while statistical learning occurs during practice (online).