Fig. 7.

The “Risk Perception—Measure Acceptance Model” or RP-MAM is presented as a decision tree with three ordered questions—(1) Is there a perceived risk, (2) Is the level of risk intolerable, and (3) Does the measure reduce the risk? In this way, risk perception is modulated by risk tolerance and the latter modulated by perceived effectiveness. The respective answers fall on a spectrum that suggests either more or less acceptance of the measure. The final question also feeds back into the perceived risk, potentially creating a lulling effect of low risk perception. Co-benefits of measures, particularly of nature-based solutions, are included as possibly modulating acceptance more than the three risk-related questions, given that risk reduction is often not the primary perceived benefit. References in the figure match the phenomenon in the model to observations in the corresponding articles. Note that multiple observations are possible in the same article. (1) Badola et al. (2011); (2) Brink and Wamsler (2019); (3) Bubeck et al. (2012); (4) Chowdhury (2002); (5) de Groot and de Groot (2009); (6) Fuchs et al. (2017); (7) Goeldner-Gianella et al. (2015); (8) Holstead et al. (2017); (9) Kuo et al. (2015); (10) Myatt et al. (2003a, b); (11) Neef et al. (2014); (12) Rambonilaza et al. (2016); (13) Schaich (2009); (14) Schmidt et al. (2013)