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. 2021 Jul 1;11:13690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93086-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Peripheral CD14⁺CD16⁻ monocytes from alcohol-dependent patients produce less TNF-α and IL-6 after in vitro stimulation with LPS, and the defect is partially recovered following alcohol abstinence for 4 weeks. (A,B) Concentration of TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) in the culture supernatants of CD14⁺ monocytes isolated from each individual in the indicated groups stimulated with medium or LPS for 24 h in vitro. Data represent the mean ± SD. (C–F) Gene expression of (C) IRAK-1, (D) IRAK-M, (E) PD-L1, and (F) PD-L2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from each individual in the indicated groups. Data represent the mean ± SD. ^#p < 0.05 by Student’s unpaired t-test. N.S.: not significant.