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. 2021 Jul 1;11:13690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93086-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MAA-Alb enhances LPS stimulation of CD14⁺ monocytes, and cells exposed to MAA-Alb produce less TNF-α upon secondary LPS stimulation. CD14⁺ monocytes collected from healthy donors were stimulated in the presence of LPS (1 ng/mL) and Alb (10–25 µg/mL) or MAA-Alb (10–25 µg/mL) for 18 h in vitro. (A–C) Viability of (A) and gene expression of TNF-α (B) and IRAK-M (C) in monocytes following stimulation. Cells were stimulated with 5 ng/mL LPS for 24 h. (D) Concentration of TNF-α in the culture supernatants of the monocytes following the second LPS stimulation for an additional 24 h in vitro. Data represent the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, as determined by one-way ANOVA, N.S.: not significant.