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. 2021 Jul 1;11:13685. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93219-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Frequency-wavenumber spectrum of satellite SLA. The frequency-wavenumber spectrum was calculated from a 17-year (2001–2017) satellite SLA dataset. The black dashed curves represent dispersion relations of Rossby waves calculated using the dispersion relation of Rossby wave at baroclinic Rossby deformation radius L_D from 50 to 150 km with an increment of 10 km. The two black thick curves mark dispersion relations at L_D = 110 and 130 km. The oblique white lines indicate phase speed of 0.05, 0.24, and 0.47 m s^–1. The color shading indicates the energy density of the SLA oscillations. The red oval indicates westward-propagating energy density hump within periods 50 and 60 days.