Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jun 18;9:658594. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.658594

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Chua, Han, Li, Liu and Entcheva.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Macroscopic optical mapping of optically triggered spheroid-mediated calcium waves in human iPS-CMs. (A) Calcium waves (by Rhod-4) triggered by optical light pulses at 0.5 Hz through a pair of spheroids after 24 h integration. Activation map shows the origin of early activation (blue), red arrows indicate the locally triggered activity by the two spheroids; isochrones are 0.03 s apart. Global calcium transients and the superimposed optical pulses are shown on the right. (B) Calcium waves by optogenetic sensor R-GECO, triggered at 0.5 and at 1 Hz through a single spheroid (after 24 h integration). In the activation maps (isochrones 0.03 s apart) slight wave-slowing is visible at the higher pacing frequency. At the bottom, an ROI trace is shown for the uninterrupted pacing and traces from different segments away from the spheroid illustrate sequential activation (a, b, and c). Scale bar is 1 mm.