Table 2.

Pharmacological activities of Isatis indigotica

Pharmacological effect	Tested substance	Model	Tested living system/organ/cell	Result	Dose	Ref.
Anti-virus	Epigoitrin	H1N1	KM mice	Reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines to alleviate pneumonia.	88 mg/kg (ig)	[41]
	Indigotin	SARS-coronavirus	SARS-CoV 3C-like protease	Blocks the cleavage processing of the 3C-like protease	1, 10, 100 μg/mL	[41]
	Alkaloid	Influenza A virus	ICR mice	Prolongs the survival time of infected mice.	0.65 g/kg (ig)	[42]
	Indirubin	Influenza virus	NCI-H292 cells	Inhibits transcription and production of RANTES.	0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μM/mL	[43]
	4(3H)-quinazolinone	Escherichia coli	Rabbit	Reduces high body temperature in rabbits caused by endotoxin.	5 mL/kg (ip)	[44]
	Alkaloid	Newcastle disease virus	Chicken embryo fibroblasts	Blocks the absorption of virus, protects cells and reduces virus infection.	7.8–31.3 μg/mL	[45]
	Root aqueous extract	H7N9 avian influenza virus	Chicken embryos	Inhibit human H7N9 avian influenza virus in vitro by blocking the absorption of H7N9 avian influenza virus to host cells.	IC-50 = 5000 μg/mL	[46]
	Unnamed Compounds from leaves	Respiratory syncytial virus	Hep-2 cells	Inhibits the proliferation of respiratory syncytial virus after invading Hep-2 cells.	10–120 μg/mL	[47]
	Polysaccharide	HSV-II	BALB/C mice	Reduces the incidence rate, mortality and prolongs the average survival time in mice.	0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (ip)	[48]
		HBV	HepG2/2–15 cells	Reduces extracellular and intracellular levels of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA in cells.	50, 100 and 200 μg/mL	[49]
	Peptides	H1N1	KM mice	Reduces the mortality of mice infected with influenza virus and inhibits the proliferation of virus.	50, 100 and 200 mg/kg (ig)	[50]
	Leaf aqueous extract	HSV-II	Vero cells	Inhibits the replication and Inhibits proliferation of HSV-II in cells.	0.25–16 mg/mL	[51]
	Root aqueous extract	HSV-I	Hep-2 cells	Inhibits biosynthesis of HSV-I in vitro.	2–128 mg/mL	[52]
	Leaf aqueous extract	Dengue virus II	C6/36 cells	Inhibits virus replication and proliferation in cells	0.5–4.0 mg/mL	[53]
	Leaf ethanol extract	Cytomegalovirus	Guinea pig embryo lung cells	Antiguinea pig cytomegalovirus activity.	3 g·mL−7–3 g·mL−1	[54]
Antibacterial	Leaf aqueous extract	Shigella Castellani	Tube method	Obvious inhibitory effect	25–400 mg/kg	[55, 56]
		Streptococcus pneumoniae
		Staphylococcus aureus
	Organic acid
	Alkaloid	Escherichia coli	Oxford Cup	Components have strong antibacterial activity.	2.0 g/mL	[57, 58]
	Nucleoside
	Anthraquinone
	Salicylic acid	Lipopolysaccharide	Balb/c mice	Inhibits excessive release of TNF-α and NO in serum of mice.	20 mL/kg (ip)	[59]
	Root decoction	Lipopolysaccharide	Peritoneal macrophage	Decreases the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in peritoneal macrophages of mice.	1 g/mg	[60]
Immunomodulatory	Polysaccharide	Lymphocyte	KM mice	Enhances peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice.	2 mg/mL	[61]
			Balb/c mice	Promotes the humoral immune response of the body and produces immune effect.	4 mg/mL	[62]
	Fructopyrano-(1→4)-glucopyranose	Macrophage phagocytosis	KM mice	Enhance the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages in mice.	100, 200 mg/kg (ig)	[63]
	Root ethanol extract	Lipopolysaccharide	RAW264.7 cells	Inhibits the release of PGE 2 and TNF-α.	0.1,0.5,1.0,2.5 mg/mL	[64]
Antitumor	Polysaccharide	S-180 cells	ICR mice	Enhances the immune function of tumor bearing mice and prolongs the survival time of tumor bearing mice	50,100 mg/kg (ig)	[65]
	Indirubin-3'-oxime	MV4-11 cells	BALB/c nude mice	Increases the anti-proliferative efficacy of MV4-11 cells	20 mg/kg (ig)	[66]
	Indirubin	leukemia	HL-60 cells	Elicits pyknosis, condensation and lyses in cells.	25, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL	[67]
	Leaf ethanol extract	Medicated serum	K562 cells	The drug containing serum inhibits the proliferation of cells.	1 g/mL	[68]