Table 2. Results of texture analysis (TA) and finite element analysis (FEA).

Variable	Mean ± SD	Range
Varianceglobal	1.8±1.0	0.3–0.4
Skewnessglobal	6.4±2.5	3.2–13.2
Kurtosisglobal	59.1±55.8	11.5–246.2
Energy	0.7±0.1	0.6–1.0
Contrast	5,355.0±3,584.9	357.5–14,872.2
Entropy	2.7±1.1	0.4–4.7
Homogeneity	0.9±0.1	0.8–1.0
Correlation	0.7±0.1	0.4–0.8
SumAverage	1.9E−05±7.9E−06	5.7E−06 to 3.6E−05
Variance	0.006±0.004	0.001–0.016
Dissimilarity	16.7±8.2	2.0–34.3
SRE	0.7±0.1	0.3–0.8
LRE	157.4±77.8	67.5–405.3
GLN	0.2±0.1	0.1–0.6
RLN	0.4±0.1	0.1–0.6
RP	0.2±0.1	0.1–0.3
LGLRE	0.4±0.1	0.2–0.7
HGLRE	53,300.0±34,295.3	4,899.2–139,425.3
SRLGLE	0.4±0.1	0.02–0.05
SRHGLE	53,194.0±34,248.4	4,884.8–139,240.2
LRLGLE	156.7±77.9	66.8–405.1
LRHGLE	53,882.3±34,451.7	5,109.3–140,343.9
GLV	0.0005±0.0002	0.0002–0.0011
RLV	4.3E−05±8.1E−05	5.5E−06 to 4.5E−04
Failure load (N)
Vertebrae	6,141.5±2,632.7	2,540.0–12,093.1
FSU-1	2,546.9±1,353.3	402.0–4,190.2
FSU-2	2,781.7±1,159.9	556.6–4,039.1

This table shows the values for the different texture parameters investigated in this study, providing means ± standard deviation (SD) as well as ranges. The failure load (in N) was determined by FEA for the vertebral bodies T11, T12, L1, and L2 as well as for two functional spinal units (FSUs) as a combination of vertebral bodies and respective intervertebral discs (IVDs), defined as FSU-1 (T11-IVD-T12-IVD-L1) and FSU-2 (T12-IVD-L1-IVD-L2). SRE, short-run emphasis; LRE, long-run emphasis; GLN, gray level non-uniformity; RLN, run-length non-uniformity; RP, run percentage; LGLRE, low gray level run emphasis; HGLRE, high gray level run emphasis; SRLGLE, short-run low gray level emphasis; SRHGLE, short-run high gray level emphasis; LRLGLE, long-run low gray level emphasis; LRHGLE, long-run high gray level emphasis; GLV, gray level variance; RLV, run-length variance.