TABLE 3.
Overview of different nanoparticle‐based vaccines for coronaviruses
| Nanocarrier | Characteristics | Target | Therapeutic component | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposome | Recombinant S1 subunit on the exterior of liposomes, encapsulation of TLR4 and TLR9 agonist | SARS‐CoV2 | S1 subunit of the virus; adjuvants: amphiphilic adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A for TLR4 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide for TLR9 | 84 |
| Iron‐oxide nanoparticles (IONP) | Docking study done to show interaction of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 with the spike protein receptor binding domain (S1‐RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2. | SARS‐CoV‐2 | IONP | 85 |
| Gold NP | Can act as adjuvant and antigen carrier for the spike protein. | SARS‐CoV | Gold | 86 |
| Chitosan NP | Biotinylated chitosan NP for intranasal delivery, targeting dendritic cells. | SARS‐CoV |
Nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS‐CoV as vaccine Antigen |
87 , 88 |
| PLGA polymer | Biocompatible, capsid‐like hollow, pH responsive nanoparticulate system. | MERS | STING agonist | 89 , 90 |
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