Table 2.

Kidney transplant‐specific confounders.

Specific confounder	Baseline vs response	Impacted readout	Clinical factors possibly impacting biometric measurements
Indication for Kidney Transplant
Congenital anomalies of kidney and ureters (CAKUT)	Response	BP	Congenital anomalies of the kidney and ureters are common. Posterior urethral valves are associated with recurrent UTIs.
Glomerulonephritides	Baseline	Blood pressure	Glomerulonephritides recur post‐transplant and provoke increased risk for post‐Tx hypertension.
FSGS	Baseline	Proteinuria, BP	FSGS recipients present with nephrotic syndrome (peripheral edema, hypoalbuminemia, high‐grade proteinuria, and hypertension).
Underlying infection(s)
BK Virus	Baseline and response	Multiple	Reactivation can cause asymptomatic viuria and viremia which may progress to nephropathy and lead to graft failure [37]
Urinary tract infection	Baseline and response	Multiple	Infections can cause fever, changes in HRV that mimic SARS‐COV‐2 infection.
Comorbidities
FSGS recurrence	Baseline	BP	FSGS recipients present with nephrotic syndrome (peripheral edema, hypoalbuminemia, high‐grade proteinuria, and hypertension).
CKD	Baseline and response	BP, HR, HRV	CKD effects physiology, including anemia, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances, resulting in effects on BP, HR, and HRV.
Reno‐vascular disease	Baseline	BP	Reno‐vascular disease is a common complication, causing persistent hypertension

BP, Blood pressure; FSGS, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; HR, Heart rate; HRV, Heart rate variability; Urinary UTI, tract infection.

Updated information was taken from McDonald 2020 [44].

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