TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic, occupation, and self‐reported sleep and health information from the UK Biobank cohort, stratified by COVID‐19 test results from 18,221 participants
| Variable | COVID‐19 Test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n (%) | Negative n (%) | Positive n (%) | p‐valuea | |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 57.9 years (8.22) | 58.1 years (8.1) | 56.5 years (8.09) | < .001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 9,440 (51.8) | 8,624 (91.4) | 816 (8.6) | < .001 |
| Male | 8,781 (48.2) | 7,884 (89.8) | 897 (10.2) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 16,884 (93.3) | 15,403 (91.2) | 1,481 (8.8) | < .001 |
| Ethnic minoritiesb | 1,220 (6.7) | 1,000 (82) | 220 (18) | |
| Education | ||||
| College/university | 4,985 (36.2) | 4,580 (91.9) | 405 (8.1) | .001 |
| A levels/equivalent | 1,852 (13.4) | 1,699 (91.7) | 153 (8.3) | |
| O levels/CSE/equivalent | 4,584 (33.2) | 4,147 (90.5) | 437 (9.5) | |
| Others | 2,367 (17.2) | 2,112 (89.2) | 255 (10.2) | |
| Income (£/year) | ||||
| > 52,000 | 4,463 (29.6) | 4,010 (89.8) | 453 (10.2) | .025 |
| 31,000–51,999 | 3,842 (25.5) | 3,490 (90.8) | 352 (9.2) | |
| 18,000–30,999 | 3,488 (23.14) | 3,163 (90.7) | 325 (9.3) | |
| < 18,000 | 3,278 (21.7) | 3,012 (91.1) | 266 (8.1) | |
| Townsend deprivation score | ||||
| Quintile‐1 (least deprived) | 3,297 (18.1) | 3,061 (92.8) | 236 (7.2) | < .001 |
| Quintile‐2 | 3,380 (18.6) | 3,098 (91.7) | 282 (8.3) | |
| Quintile‐3 | 3,435 (18.9) | 3,132 (91.2) | 303 (8.8) | |
| Quintile‐4 | 3,630 (19.9) | 3,264 (90) | 366 (10.0) | |
| Quintile‐5 (most deprived) | 4,451 (24.4) | 3,926 (88.2) | 525 (11.8) | |
| Sleep duration (mean ± SD) | 7.15 hr (1.23) | 7.15 hr (1.23) | 7.11 hr (1.20) | .25 |
| Sleeplessness | ||||
| Rarely/never | 3,988 (22) | 3,591 (90) | 397 (10) | .190 |
| Sometimes | 8,445 (46.5) | 7,643 (90.5) | 802 (9.5) | |
| Often | 5,718 (31.5) | 5,210 (91.1) | 508 (9.9) | |
| Snoring | ||||
| No | 10,205 (61.1) | 9,260 (90.7) | 945 (9.3) | .578 |
| Yes | 6,504 (38.9) | 5,885 (90.5) | 619 (9.5) | |
| Daytime sleepiness | ||||
| Never | 12,907 (71.6) | 11,758 (91.1) | 1,149 (8.9) | .005 |
| Sometimes | 4,416 (24.5) | 3,956 (89.6) | 460 (10.4) | |
| Often | 709 (3.9) | 633 (89.3) | 76 (10.7) | |
| Overweight/obesity | ||||
| Normal | 4,984 (27.8) | 4,581 (91.9) | 403 (8.1) | < .001 |
| Overweight | 7,539 (42) | 6,822 (90.5) | 717 (9.5) | |
| Obese | 5,436 (30.2) | 4,869 (89.6) | 567 (10.4) | |
| Overall health | ||||
| Excellent/good | 11,705 (64.8) | 10,635 (90.9) | 1,070 (9.1) | .380 |
| Fair | 4,827 (26.7) | 4,353 (90.2) | 474 (9.8) | |
| Poor | 1,527 (8.5) | 1,381 (90.4) | 146 (9.6) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| All other occupational groups | 3,291 (87.2) | 3,094 (94) | 197 (6) | < .001 |
| Healthcare | 483 (12.8) | 429 (88.8) | 52 (11.2) | |
| Shift work | ||||
| No | 6,763 (76.4) | 6,191 (91.5) | 572 (8.5) | < .001 |
| Yes | 2,087 (23.6) | 1,745 (83.6) | 342 (16.4) | |
Data are presented as % (n) or mean ± SD.
aChi2 test.
bBlack, Asian and mixed ethnicity.