TABLE 3.
Multivariable logistic regression results for shift work and COVID‐19 infection in the UK Biobank participants (n = results are presented as adjusted odds ratios [AOR] and 95% CIs)
| Risk factors | Model‐1 | Model‐2 | Model‐3 | Model‐4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Age | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | 0.96 | 0.95–0.97 | 0.95 | 0.94–0.96 | 0.95 | 0.94–0.96 | 0.94 | 0.93–0.96 |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Female (Ref) | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.20 | 1.05–1.38 | 1.22 | 1.03–1.45 | 1.18 | 1.01–1.40 | 1.17 | 1.00–1.38 | 1.05 | 0.83–1.34 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White (Ref) | ||||||||||
| Ethnic minorities | 2.29 | 1.69–3.09 | 1.87 | 1.41–2.48 | 1.88 | 1.41–2.50 | 1.75 | 1.28–2.39 | 1.42 | 1.01–1.99 |
| Townsend Score | ||||||||||
| Quintile‐1 (Ref‐Least deprived) | ||||||||||
| Quintile‐2 | 1.18 | 0.95–1.47 | 1.11 | 0.87–1.42 | 1.08 | 0.85–1.37 | 1.06 | 0.84–1.35 | 1.03 | 0.77–1.38 |
| Quintile‐3 | 1.25 | 0.96–1.64 | 1.11 | 0.81–1.54 | 1.10 | 0.80–1.51 | 1.08 | 0.79–1.46 | 1.09 | 0.72–1.64 |
| Quintile‐4 | 1.45 | 1.18–1.80 | 1.22 | 0.95–1.56 | 1.20 | 0.94–1.51 | 1.17 | 0.93–1.47 | 1.20 | 0.88–1.62 |
| Quintile‐5 (Most deprived) | 1.73 | 1.29–2.33 | 1.26 | 0.89–1.78 | 1.23 | 0.88–1.72 | 1.18 | 0.85–1.64 | 1.14 | 0.77–1.68 |
| Annual household income (£) | ||||||||||
| < 18,000 (Ref) | ||||||||||
| 18,000–30,999 | 0.89 | 0.78–1.02 | 0.99 | 0.82–1.19 | 0.97 | 0.80–1.18 | 0.98 | 0.78–1.22 | 1.03 | 0.69–1.53 |
| 31,000–51,999 | 0.91 | 0.77–1.07 | 0.92 | 0.75–1.12 | 0.91 | 0.76–1.15 | 0.90 | 0.71–1.13 | 1.03 | 0.66–1.60 |
| > 52,000 | 0.78 | 0.64–0.95 | 0.78 | 0.58–1.04 | 0.77 | 0.59–1.10 | 0.78 | 0.57–1.08 | 0.90 | 0.54–1.50 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| College/Uni (Ref) | ||||||||||
| A levels/AS level or equivalent | 1.02 | 0.83–1.24 | 1.06 | 0.89–1.27 | 1.07 | 0.89–1.29 | 1.05 | 0.92–1.44 | 0.97 | 0.74–1.27 |
| O levels/GCSEs or equivalent | 1.19 | 0.97–1.45 | 1.18 | 0.96–1.43 | 1.17 | 0.95–1.42 | 1.20 | 0.99–1.45 | 1.11 | 0.89–1.44 |
| Others | 1.36 | 1.16–1.60 | 1.43 | 1.20–1.70 | 1.43 | 1.22–1.68 | 1.49 | 1.26–1.77 | 1.27 | 1.03–1.58 |
| Overweight/obesity | ||||||||||
| Normal (Ref) | ||||||||||
| Overweight | 1.19 | 1.05–1.36 | 1.24 | 1.10–1.39 | 1.22 | 1.12–1.33 | 1.19 | 1.01–1.41 | ||
| Obese | 1.32 | 1.16–1.50 | 1.28 | 1.10–1.49 | 1.30 | 1.11–1.52 | 1.19 | 0.97–1.46 | ||
| Overall health | ||||||||||
| Excellent/good (Ref) | ||||||||||
| Fair | 1.08 | 0.95–1.23 | 0.99 | 0.84–1.18 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.14 | 1.01 | 0.83–1.21 | ||
| Poor | 1.05 | 0.87–1.26 | 0.87 | 0.67–1.12 | 0.84 | 0.60–1.17 | 1.16 | 0.65–2.07 | ||
| Sleep duration | 0.98 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.98 | 0.92–1.03 | 0.98 | 0.93–1.04 | ||||
| Sleeplessness | ||||||||||
| Rarely/never (ref) | ||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0.95 | 0.89–1.01 | 0.96 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | ||||
| Often | 0.88 | 0.81–0.96 | 0.86 | 0.74–1.01 | 0.92 | 0.78–1.08 | ||||
| Snoring | ||||||||||
| No (ref) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.03 | 0.90–1.18 | 0.94 | 0.80–1.09 | 0.95 | 0.79–1.15 | ||||
| Daytime sleepiness | ||||||||||
| Never (ref) | ||||||||||
| Sometimes | 1.19 | 1.06–1.32 | 1.19 | 1.02–1.39 | 1.30 | 1.01–1.63 | ||||
| Often | 1.23 | 0.86–1.75 | 1.07 | 0.64–1.78 | 1.22 | 0.72–2.14 | ||||
| Shift‐work type | ||||||||||
| None (ref) | ||||||||||
| Mostly day shift | 1.83 | 1.57–2.13 | 1.54 | 1.30–1.81 | ||||||
| Mixed day/night | 2.38 | 1.90–2.98 | 1.79 | 1.38–2.33 | ||||||
| Mostly night | 2.38 | 1.86–3.04 | 1.85 | 1.42–2.41 | ||||||
Model‐1: concurrent consideration of all sociodemographic variables.
Model‐2: Model 1 + overweight/obesity, overall health.
Model‐3: Model 2 + sleep duration, sleep problems, daytime sleepiness.
Model‐4: Model 3 + shiftwork.
Significant associations are highlighted in bold.
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.