TABLE 1.
Characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 diagnoses, February 20, 2020‐January 10, 2021, HCA Healthcare Sentinel System data
| COVID‐19 hospitalizations (N = 96 414) | COVID‐19 hospitalizations with dexamethasone administration (N = 60 188) | COVID‐19 hospitalizations with remdesivir administration (N = 32 050) | COVID‐19 hospitalizations with heparin administration (N = 23 933) | COVID‐19 hospitalizations with low molecular weight heparin administration (N = 62 934) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total patients associated with COVID‐19 hospitalizations | 89 127 | 58 247 | 31 898 | 23 278 | 60 972 |
| Age at admission | |||||
| 18–29 yrs | 4588 (5%) | 1807 (3%) | 847 (3%) | 564 (2%) | 2502 (4%) |
| 30–59 yrs | 33 327 (35%) | 21 135 (35%) | 11 580 (36%) | 7052 (29%) | 24 349 (39%) |
| 60–69 yrs | 19 529 (20%) | 13 088 (22%) | 7336 (23%) | 5308 (22%) | 13 373 (21%) |
| 70–79 yrs | 20 219 (21%) | 13 228 (22%) | 7148 (22%) | 5869 (25%) | 12 529 (20%) |
| ≥80 yrs | 18 751 (20%) | 10 930 (18%) | 5139 (16%) | 5140 (22%) | 10 181 (16%) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 46 267 (48%) | 27 622 (46%) | 14 073 (44%) | 10 367 (43%) | 29 906 (48%) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 57 153 (59%) | 36 521 (61%) | 19 935 (62%) | 13 250 (55%) | 36 744 (58%) |
| Black | 16 894 (18%) | 9761 (16%) | 4204 (13%) | 5444 (23%) | 10 391 (17%) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 116 (<1%) | 78 (<1%) | 41 (<1%) | 35 (<1%) | 84 (<1%) |
| Other a | 19 696 (20%) | 12 253 (20%) | 6976 (22%) | 4576 (19%) | 13 961 (22%) |
| Unknown | 2555 (3%) | 1575 (3%) | 894 (3%) | 628 (3%) | 1754 (3%) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 28 219 (29%) | 17 691 (29%) | 9774 (31%) | 6180 (26%) | 20 215 (32%) |
| Unknown | 3828 (4%) | 2449 (4%) | 1349 (4%) | 969 (4%) | 2612 (4%) |
| Length of Stay | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.9 (8.9) | 9.6 (8.9) | 11.6 (9.6) | 12.4 (11.9) | 9.7 (9.3) |
| Median | 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 |
| Documented high risk conditions | |||||
| Asthma | 6956 (7%) | 4810 (8%) | 2794 (9%) | 1500 (6%) | 5182 (8%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 14 935 (16%) | 10 172 (17%) | 5531 (17%) | 4411 (18%) | 9205 (15%) |
| Diabetes | 41 385 (43%) | 27 634 (46%) | 14 893 (47%) | 13 151 (55%) | 27 021 (43%) |
| Obesity | 28 150 (29%) | 20 585 (34%) | 12 609 (39%) | 7994 (33%) | 20 614 (33%) |
| Hypertension | 60 007 (62%) | 39 470 (66%) | 20 646 (64%) | 18 036 (75%) | 39 127 (62%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 13 374 (14%) | 8675 (14%) | 4665 (15%) | 4596 (19%) | 6728 (11%) |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 22 473 (23%) | 14 640 (24%) | 7269 (23%) | 8662 (36%) | 12 620 (20%) |
| Heart failure | 15 498 (16%) | 9988 (17%) | 4790 (15%) | 6182 (26%) | 7846 (13%) |
| Myocarditis | 263 (<1%) | 150 (<1%) | 88 (<1%) | 145 (1%) | 182 (<1%) |
| Pericarditis | 724 (1%) | 455 (1%) | 223 (1%) | 337 (1%) | 411 (1%) |
| Atrial arrhythmias | 13 374 (14%) | 8675 (14%) | 4665 (15%) | 4596 (19%) | 6728 (11%) |
| Ventricular arrhythmias | 2363 (3%) | 1592 (3%) | 908 (3%) | 1109 (5%) | 1440 (2%) |
| Liver and renal disorders | 36 576 (38%) | 23 539 (39%) | 11 772 (37%) | 16 666 (70%) | 20 124 (32%) |
| Hematological disorders | 37 058 (38%) | 23 389 (39%) | 12 928 (40%) | 13 200 (55%) | 25 553 (37%) |
| Smoking | 7442 (8%) | 4206 (7%) | 2100 (7%) | 1965 (8%) | 4780 (8%) |
| Malignant cancer | 3822 (4%) | 2421 (4%) | 1302 (4%) | 1243 (5%) | 2201 (4%) |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score | |||||
| Mean (median) | 6.9 (5.0) | 7.1 (5.0) | 6.7 (5.0) | 11.0 (9.0) | 6.3 (5.0) |
| Evidence of pregnancy | |||||
| Codes for pregnancy marker or gestational age | 2602 (3%) | 469 (1%) | 172 (1%) | 197 (1%) | 682 (1%) |
| Pulmonary complications on admission | |||||
| Pneumonia | 71 947 (75%) | 51 745 (86%) | 28 994 (91%) | 18 904 (79%) | 51 576 (82%) |
| Acute respiratory failure | 49 734 (52%) | 38 956 (65%) | 24 520 (77%) | 13 366 (55.8%) | 37 198 (59%) |
| Chronic respiratory failure | 515 (1%) | 302 (1%) | 122 (<1%) | 138 (1%) | 260 (<1%) |
| Acute bronchitis | 1375 (1%) | 875 (2%) | 442 (1%) | 251 (1%) | 1007 (2%) |
| Lower respiratory infection | 140 (<1%) | 8 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | 32 (<1%) | 53 (<1%) |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 2000 (2%) | 1439 (2%) | 1102 (3%) | 990 (4%) | 1465 (2%) |
| Thromboembolic outcomes on admission | |||||
| Pulmonary embolism | 2016 (2%) | 1378 (2%) | 767 (2%) | 1015 (4%) | 1296 (2%) |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 1384 (1%) | 883 (2%) | 536 (2%) | 787 (3%) | 862 (1%) |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 298 (<1%) | 209 (<1%) | 130 (<1%) | 149 (1%) | 176 (<1%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 5019 (5%) | 3363 (6%) | 1667 (5%) | 2938 (12%) | 2737 (4%) |
| Unstable angina | 626 (1%) | 296 (1%) | 139 (0%) | 308 (1%) | 334 (1%) |
| Ischemic limb | 22 (<1%) | 10 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | 11 (<1%) | 12 (<1%) |
| Ischemic stroke | 1735 (2%) | 847 (1%) | 387 (1%) | 682 (3%) | 836 (1%) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 424 (<1%) | 213 (<1%) | 91 (<1%) | 160 (1%) | 137 (<1%) |
| Other complications on admission | |||||
| Sepsis | 31 654 (33%) | 22 515 (37%) | 13 709 (43%) | 10 084 (42%) | 22 601 (36%) |
| Oxygen delivery b | |||||
| Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) | 12 487 (13%) | 10 507 (18%) | 7774 (24%) | 5251 (22%) | 9445 (15%) |
| High flow | 21 700 (23%) | 17 721 (29%) | 13 700 (43%) | 7459 (31%) | 17 016 (27%) |
| Nasal cannula | 66 708 (69%) | 48 762 (81%) | 28 631 (89%) | 17 466 (73%) | 47 917 (76%) |
| Nonrebreather | 14 529 (15%) | 11 223 (19%) | 8133 (25%) | 5240 (22%) | 11 081 (18%) |
| Oxygen conserving device | 3553 (4%) | 2908 (5%) | 2053 (6%) | 1106 (5%) | 2888 (5%) |
| Simple mask | 11 113 (12%) | 8162 (14%) | 5746 (18%) | 4075 (17%) | 8211 (13%) |
| Mechanical ventilation during stay | 15 488 (16%) | 12 132 (20%) | 8554 (27%) | 7209 (30%) | 10 941 (17%) |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) | 44 (<1%) | 29 (<1%) | 24 (<1%) | 27 (<1%) | 33 (<1%) |
| Intensive care unit (ICU) stay | |||||
| Any ICU stay | 44 955 (47%) | 29 695 (49%) | 17 979 (56%) | 14 500 (61%) | 30 333 (48%) |
| Discharge status | |||||
| Home | 61 051 (63%) | 39 708 (66%) | 20 891 (65%) | 11 805 (49%) | 42 918 (68%) |
| Discharged to skilled nursing facility, intermediate care facility, or other | 24 507 (25%) | 14 112 (23%) | 7153 (22%) | 7748 (32%) | 14 460 (23%) |
| Expired | 10 856 (11%) | 6368 (11%) | 4006 (13%) | 4380 (18%) | 5556 (9%) |
| Ordinal endpoints | |||||
| Death | 10 856 (11%) | 6368 (10%) | 4006 (13%) | 4380 (18%) | 5556 (9%) |
| ICU, mechanical ventilation, or ECMO | 9145 (10%) | 7264 (12%) | 5265 (16%) | 3888 (16%) | 6789 (11%) |
| ICU, no mechanical ventilation or ECMO | 28 250 (29%) | 17 839 (30%) | 9720 (30%) | 6909 (29%) | 19 460 (31%) |
| No ICU stay | 48 163 (50%) | 28 717 (48%) | 13 059 (41%) | 8756 (37%) | 31 129 (49%) |
| Select medications administered | |||||
| Azithromycin | 55 800 (58%) | 40 675 (68%) | 23 028 (72%) | 14 131 (59%) | 41 413 (66%) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 4980 (5%) | 961 (2%) | 454 (1%) | 1703 (7%) | 3434 (6%) |
| Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin | 4126 (4%) | 684 (1%) | 329 (1%) | 1444 (6%) | 2853 (5%) |
| Losartan | 8527 (9%) | 5865 (10%) | 3353 (11%) | 2115 (9%) | 5996 (10%) |
| Remdesivir | 32 050 (33%) | 29 393 (49%) | 32 050 (100%) | 7929 (33%) | 26 469 (42%) |
| Dexamethasone | 60 188 (62%) | 60 188 (100%) | 29 393 (92%) | 15 708 (66%) | 44 788 (71%) |
| Remdesivir and Dexamethasone | 29 393 (31%) | 29 393 (49%) | 29 393 (92%) | 7138 (30%) | 24 337 (39%) |
| Tocilizumab | 2206 (2%) | 1398 (2%) | 1061 (3%) | 907 (4%) | 1 921 (3%) |
| Methylprednisolone | 14 900 (17%) | 8428 (14%) | 6774 (21%) | 4633 (19%) | 11 504 (18%) |
| Norepinephrine | 9659 (10%) | 6941 (12%) | 4715 (15%) | 5644 (24%) | 6570 (10%) |
| Heparin | 23 933 (25%) | 15 708 (26%) | 7929 (25%) | 23 933 (100%) | 9442 (15%) |
| Low‐molecular‐weight heparin | 62 934 (65%) | 44 788 (74%) | 26 469 (83%) | 9442 (40%) | 62 934 (100%) |
| Anti‐platelet therapy | 8188 (9%) | 4025 (7%) | 1944 (6%) | 2494 (10%) | 4870 (8%) |
| Positive COVID‐19 diagnostic test c | |||||
| Record of any inpatient test (PCR, antigen, or unknown test type) | 70 931 (79%) | 43 716 (79%) | 22 998 (79%) | 18 243 (82%) | 47 614 (80%) |
| PCR positive among those with an inpatient PCR test | 55 175 (94%) | 33 076 (95%) | 17 057 (95%) | 13 765 (94%) | 37 769 (95%) |
Note: COVID‐19 hospitalizations are those with one or more of the following International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes: B97.29 (Other coronavirus as the cause of diseases classified elsewhere), U07.1 (COVID‐19), or B34.2 (Coronavirus infection, unspecified). Patients are those who have been discharged, with complete billing. HCA Healthcare has reported on other information identified in their data regarding COVID‐19. 40 , 41 Cohorts categorized by medical product administration are not mutually exclusive. Intensive care unit stays were identified by revenue codes.
a
“Other” race includes Asian patients.
b
Oxygen use is derived from oxygen‐related nursing documentation.
c
This reflects laboratory data available through December 31, 2020; the overall number of COVID‐19 hospitalizations through December 2020 was 89 928. Only inpatient SARS‐CoV‐2 tests performed within an HCA Healthcare facility are available.