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. 2021 Jun 18;12:697854. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697854

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Copyright © 2021 Guo, Su, Wang, Han, Feng and Jiang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Tregs can secrete perforin and granzyme B to kill Teffs directly and secret IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β, inhibitory cytokines to suppress functions of Teffs; Tregs can cause IL-2 starvation of Teffs via highly expressing CD25. Tregs exert the function of suppression by interaction with DCs, such as downregulating the expression of CD80/CD86 in DCs and interfering with the maturation of DCs. Tryptophan is vital for the survival of Teffs and Tregs can enhance the expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in DCs, which accelerates the decomposition of tryptophan. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a pro-inflammatory factor, and CD39/73 expressed on Tregs can transform ATP to adenosine, an anti-inflammatory factor.