Table 2.
Adjusted association of lifestyle change with hemoglobin A1c change during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
| Regression coefficient for HbA1c change (as a continuous variable; linear regression model) | Odds ratio for clinically important HbA1c change (cumulative link model) | |
|---|---|---|
| Multivariate model 1 | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.06 [−0.12 to −0.01] (P = 0.016) | 0.71 [0.56 to 0.90] (P = 0.006) |
| Other physical activities | 0.03 [−0.03 to 0.08] (P = 0.31) | 1.02 [0.81 to 1.30] (P = 0.84) |
| Amount of meals | 0.06 [−0.01 to 0.13] (P = 0.081) | 1.40 [1.06 to 1.85] (P = 0.016) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.09 [0.04 to 0.14] (P = 0.001) | 1.44 [1.14 to 1.82] (P = 0.002) |
| Multivariate model 2 (adjusted for patient attributes) | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.06 [−0.11 to −0.01] (P = 0.022) | 0.72 [0.56 to 0.91] (P = 0.007) |
| Other physical activities | 0.03 [−0.02 to 0.08] (P = 0.28) | 1.01 [0.79 to 1.29] (P = 0.95) |
| Amount of meals | 0.06 [−0.01 to 0.13] (P = 0.086) | 1.38 [1.05 to 1.83] (P = 0.021) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.08 [0.03 to 0.14] (P = 0.002) | 1.43 [1.13 to 1.81] (P = 0.003) |
| Multivariate model 3 | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.06 [−0.11 to −0.01] (P = 0.020) | 0.72 [0.57 to 0.91] (P = 0.007) |
| Other physical activities | 0.03 [−0.03 to 0.08] (P = 0.37) | 1.01 [0.79 to 1.29] (P = 0.94) |
| Amount of meals | ||
| With decline in eating out | 0.12 [0.03 to 0.21] (P = 0.011) | 1.79 [1.21 to 2.66] (P = 0.004) |
| Without decline in eating out | 0.00 [−0.09 to 0.09] (P = 1.00) | 1.10 [0.75 to 1.60] (P = 0.63) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.09 [0.04 to 0.14] (P = 0.001) | 1.42 [1.13 to 1.80] (P = 0.003) |
| Multivariate model 4 (adjusted for patient attributes) | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.06 [−0.11 to −0.01] (P = 0.028) | 0.72 [0.57 to 0.92] (P = 0.008) |
| Other physical activities | 0.03 [−0.03 to 0.08] (P = 0.34) | 0.98 [0.77 to 1.26] (P = 0.90) |
| Amount of meals | ||
| With decline in eating out | 0.12 [0.03 to 0.21] (P = 0.012) | 1.78 [1.20 to 2.64] (P = 0.005) |
| Without decline in eating out | 0.00 [−0.09 to 0.09] (P = 0.98) | 1.07 [0.74 to 1.57] (P = 0.71) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.08 [0.03 to 0.13] (P = 0.003) | 1.41 [1.12 to 1.78] (P = 0.004) |
Data are regression coefficients [95% confidence intervals] for the change of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (%;as a continuous variable) and odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] for clinically important change of HbA1c (i.e., by ≥0.3%). Each lifestyle change was coded as “decreased” (−1 point), “unchanged” (0 point) and “increased” (1 point). The explanatory variables entered in multivariate models 1 and 3 were lifestyle changes (see below) and medication changes, whereas multivariate models 2 and 4 were further adjusted for patient attributes (sex, age, type of diabetes, duration of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and medication use). Lifestyle changes entered in multivariate model 1 and 2 were the change of leisure time physical activities, other outside physical activities, the amount of meals and the amount of snacks, whereas in multivariate models 3 and 4, the amount of meals was stratified according to the decline in eating out.