Table 3.
Adjusted association of lifestyle change with body weight change during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
| Regression coefficient for bodyweight change (as a continuous variable; linear regression model) | Odds ratio for clinically important bodyweight change (cumulative link model) | |
|---|---|---|
| Multivariate model 1 | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.49 [−0.81 to −0.17] (P = 0.003) | 0.68 [0.51 to 0.90] (P = 0.008) |
| Other physical activities | 0.16 [−0.16 to 0.49] (P = 0.32) | 1.14 [0.86 to 1.50] (P = 0.37) |
| Amount of meals | 1.22 [0.76 to 1.68] (P < 0.001) | 2.64 [1.85 to 3.77] (P < 0.001) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.48 [0.14 to 0.82] (P = 0.007) | 1.32 [0.97 to 1.80] (P = 0.074) |
| Multivariate model 2 (adjusted for patient attributes) | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.47 [−0.78 to −0.15] (P = 0.004) | 0.70 [0.53 to 0.92] (P = 0.012) |
| Other physical activities | 0.22 [−0.10 to 0.54] (P = 0.18) | 1.18 [0.88 to 1.57] (P = 0.26) |
| Amount of meals | 1.23 [0.78 to 1.69] (P < 0.001) | 2.70 [1.89 to 3.85] (P < 0.001) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.42 [0.09 to 0.74] (P = 0.013) | 1.28 [0.94 to 1.73] (P = 0.12) |
| Multivariate model 3 | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.47 [−0.79 to −0.16] (P = 0.004) | 0.68 [0.51 to 0.91] (P = 0.010) |
| Other physical activities | 0.14 [−0.19 to 0.47] (P = 0.41) | 1.08 [0.81 to 1.44] (P = 0.59) |
| Amount of meals | ||
| With decline in eating out | 1.64 [1.08 to 2.20] (P < 0.001) | 3.70 [2.28 to 6.01] (P < 0.001) |
| Without decline in eating out | 0.79 [0.16 to 1.43] (P = 0.016) | 1.79 [1.07 to 2.98] (P = 0.026) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.46 [0.12 to 0.79] (P = 0.009) | 1.30 [0.96 to 1.77] (P = 0.092) |
| Multivariate model 4 (adjusted for patient attributes) | ||
| Leisure time physical activities | −0.46 [−0.78 to −0.14] (P = 0.005) | 0.70 [0.53 to 0.93] (P = 0.014) |
| Other physical activities | 0.17 [−0.15 to 0.50] (P = 0.29) | 1.11 [0.83 to 1.48] (P = 0.50) |
| Amount of meals | ||
| With decline in eating out | 1.64 [1.09 to 2.19] (P < 0.001) | 3.76 [2.30 to 6.16] (P < 0.001) |
| Without decline in eating out | 0.81 [0.19 to 1.44] (P = 0.012) | 1.83 [1.10 to 3.03] (P = 0.020) |
| Amount of snacks | 0.39 [0.07 to 0.71] (P = 0.018) | 1.25 [0.92 to 1.69] (P = 0.15) |
Data are regression coefficients [95% confidence intervals] for the percentage change of bodyweight (%; as a continuous variable) and odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] for clinically important percentage change of bodyweight (i.e., by ≥3%). Each lifestyle change was coded as “decreased” (−1 point), “unchanged” (0 point) and “increased” (1 point). The explanatory variables entered in multivariate models 1 and 3 were lifestyle changes (see below) and medication changes, whereas multivariate models 2 and 4 were further adjusted for patient attributes (sex, age, type of diabetes, duration of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and medication use). Lifestyle changes entered in multivariate models 1 and 2 were the change of leisure time physical activities, other outside physical activities, the amount of meals and the amount of snacks, whereas in multivariate models 3 and 4, the amount of meals was stratified according to the decline in eating out.