Table 2.

Models adjusted for these variables

Model / Country	Geographic units of analysis	Negative‐binomial model, adjusted for	Zero‐inflated model, adjusted for
USA	County level	PM2·5 UVvitD Winter temperature Winter humidity Percentage of residents: 65+ years, black, Hispanic Deprivation score Urban/rural	Percentage of residents: 65+ years, black, Hispanic Deprivation score Urban/rural
	State level	Proportion of positive COVID‐19 cases	Proportion of positive COVID‐19 cases
England	MSOA level	PM2·5 Long‐term winter temperature Percentage of residents: 80+ years, 65–79 years, black, Indian, Pakistani/Bangladeshi, Chinese, in care homes, in higher education Income‐deprivation score	Percentage of residents: 80+ years, 65–79 years, black, Indian, Pakistani/Bangladeshi, Chinese, in care homes, in higher education, using public transport (bus, train, tube) Income‐deprivation score Population density
	UTLA level	Number of days since a local authority had 10 confirmed cases	Number of days since a local authority had 10 confirmed cases
Italy	Municipalities level	PM2·5 Long‐term winter temperature Number of foreign born Percentage of residents: 65+ years, 85+ years Population density Municipality area Deprivation score	Number of foreign born Percentage of residents: 65+ years, 85+ years Population density Municipality area Deprivation score
	Province level	Total cases in province	Total cases in province

MSOAs, middle layer super output areas; PM_2·5, fine particles with diameter ≤ 2·5 μm; UTLA, upper tier local authority.