. 2021 Jun 17;3(2):dlab083. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab083

Table 1.

Patient behaviours for acquisition of antibiotics identified from literature review

Patient behaviour and context	Country	Reference
Behaviours undertaken at home or within local community
Buying antibiotics without a prescription (shop or pharmacy) for self-medication	China, Tanzania, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sri Lanka, Jordan	^43–52
Buying antibiotics without a prescription (shop or pharmacy) in another country and importing for self-medication	UK, USA, Jordan	⁴⁵ ^, ⁴⁸ ^, ⁵³
Keeping leftover antibiotics from a previous personal prescription	Qatar, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Thailand, Morocco, and Colombia	⁵¹ ^, ^54–56
Re-using a previous prescription to obtain antibiotics from a pharmacy	China
Self-medicating with leftover antibiotics from a previous personal prescription	Jordan, USA, Singapore, Jordan	⁴⁵ ^, ^56–59
Sharing antibiotics with family/friends/social network	Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Singapore, Jordan	⁴⁵ ^, ⁴⁶ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁵⁶ ^, ⁵⁹
Obtaining antibiotics from ‘black market’ for self-medication	USA	⁵⁶
Obtaining antibiotics from family/friends/social network for self-medication	USA	⁵⁶ ^, ⁵⁷
Behaviours undertaken during consultation with medical professional
Requesting an antibiotic from a prescribing healthcare provider	China, USA, UK	²⁹ ^, ⁵¹ ^, ⁵⁷ ^, ^60–62
Suggesting a diagnosis to a doctor [that implies a need for antibiotics] ‘candidate diagnosis’	USA	⁶¹
Describing a set of symptoms specifically indexing a particular diagnosis ‘implied candidate diagnosis’	USA	⁶¹
Exaggerating severity of illness	USA, UK, France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Thailand, Morocco, and Colombia	⁵⁵ ^, ⁶¹
Seeing another doctor if antibiotics not prescribed	Singapore	⁵⁹