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. 2021 Apr 16;38(5):770–780. doi: 10.1111/phn.12898

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© 2021 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

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SEM model related to Model 1, x1: Predetermination, x2: Luck, x3: Pessimism, Y: Participation in activities, Z: COVID‐19 fear, A1: Going to public markets, A2: Going to health care institutions, A3: Using transportation means, A4: Attending sporting events and going on tour, A5: Going to public places, A6: Visiting someone (patient, elderly, neighbor, etc.) at home, A7: Attending collective ceremonies or celebrations such as weddings, A8: Participation in religious activities, A9: Experiencing regret on participating in these activities. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]