TABLE 3.
Comparison between seizure‐free and drug‐resistant patients
|
Seizure‐free N = 59 (32.8%) |
Drug resistance N = 121 (67.2%) |
p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age, y (IQR) | 35.00 (26–48) | 34.00 (26–44) | 0.547 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 26 (44.1) | 59 (48.8) | 0.54 |
| Female | 33 (55.9) | 62 (51.2) | |
| Level of education, median years of schooling (IQR) | 13.00 (8.25–13) | 8.00 (8–13) | 0.002 |
| Genetic analysis, n (%) | |||
| TSC1 | 19 (32.2) | 29 (24.0) | 0.538 |
| TSC2 | 32 (54.2) | 77 (63.6) | |
| NMI | 5 (8.5) | 7 (5.8) | |
| NA | 3 (5.1) | 8 (6.6) | |
| Familial cases, n (%) | 23 (39.0) | 21 (17.4) | 0.010 |
| Epilepsy type, n (%) | |||
| Focal | 49 (83.1) | 86 (71.1) | 0.029 |
| Spasms | 0 | 2 (1.7) | |
| Generalized | 2 (3.4) | 3 (2.5) | |
| LGS | 0 | 10 (8.3) | |
| Combined | 2 (3.4) | 15 (12.4) | |
| Unknown | 6 (10.2) | 5 (4.1) | |
| Epilepsy onset, median age in months (IQR) | 27.00 (6–108) | 6.00 (3–30) | 0.001 |
| Age at diagnosis, years, median (IQR) | 9.50 (4–26) | 3.00 (0.725–12) | <0.001 |
| Seizure type at onset, n (%) | |||
| Focal | 38 (64.4) | 65 (53.7) | 0.211 |
| IS | 12 (20.3) | 40 (33.0) | |
| Focal and IS | 2 (3.4) | 8 (6.6) | |
| Absences | 2 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | |
| Generalized tonic‐clonic seizures | 0 | 2 (1.7) | |
| Tonic seizures | 1 (1.7) | 0 | |
| NA | 4 (6.8) | 4 (3.3) | |
| History of IS, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 16 (27.1) | 59 (48.8) | 0.007 |
| Febrile seizures, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 4 (6.8) | 15 (12.4) | 0.236 |
| AEDs therapy, n (%) | |||
| None | 13 (22) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Monotherapy | 29 (49.2) | 35 (28.9) | |
| Polytherapy | 8 (13.6) | 78 (64.5) | |
| NA | 9 (15.2) | 8 (6.6) | |
| IQ, n (%) | |||
| Normal IQ | 35 (59.3) | 29 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| BIF | 5 (8.5) | 10 (8.3) | |
| Mild intellectual disability | 8 (13.6) | 10 (8.3) | |
| Moderate intellectual disability | 3 (5.1) | 19 (15.7) | |
| Severe intellectual disability | 6 (10.2) | 45 (37.2) | |
| ID not otherwise specified | 0 | 4 (3.3) | |
| NA | 2 (3.3) | 4 (3.3) | |
| IQ, median (IQR) | |||
| Full Scale IQ | 67.00 (47.25–85) | 68.00 (46.5–81.25) | 0.876 |
| Verbal IQ | 72.00 (59–86) | 67.50 (50.25–81.5) | 0.427 |
| Performance IQ | 68.00 (54–96) | 70.00 (51–87) | 0.907 |
| Cortical tubers, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 57 (96.6) | 119 (98.3) | 0.489 |
| Subependymal nodules, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 43 (72.9) | 106 (87.6) | 0.158 |
| Psychiatric disorders, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 22 (37.3) | 72 (59.5) | 0.013 |
| Psychiatric disorders, n (%) | |||
| ASD | 4 (18.2) | 32 (44.4) | 0.004 |
| Anxiety disorders | 7 (31.8) | 10 (13.9) | |
| Behavioural difficulties | 0 | 15 (20.8) | |
| Depressive/bipolar disorders | 3 (13.6) | 3 (4.2) | |
| Schizofrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders | 2 (9.1) | 5 (6.9) | |
| Anxiety and depressive disorders | 3 (13.6) | 1 (1.4) | |
| ADHD | 2 (9.1) | 2 (2.8) | |
| Personality disorders | 0 | 2 (2.8) | |
| Conversion disorder | 1 (4.5) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0 | 1 (1.4) | |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AED, antiepileptic drug; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BIF, borderline intelligence functioning; ID, intellectual disability; IQ, intelligence quotient; IQR, interquartile range; IS, infantile spasm; LGS, Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome; NA, not available; NMI, no mutation identified.